Pavlov vis-à-vis Piaget Essay

flavor at the history, umpteen label flourished in the ara of psychological science in the appetency to learn intimately man and behavior.  These names have contributions that be of significance crimson to the present-day studies in the field of psychology. This musical composition deals with two of the notable names in this realm Ivan Pavlov and denim Piaget.Ivan Pavlov was a Russian psychologist, physician, and physiologist. He had substantial contributions to the various handle of neurology and physiology. His researches were mostly focused on teach, genius and involuntary reflex actions. He bagged the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for his researchers and auditions on digestion which became the foundation of a more extensive research on the digestive system. In his work on involuntary reactions to speech pattern and pain, he broadened the description of the four temperament types phlegmatic, choleric, sanguine, and melancholic. The study of TMI or transmarginal inhibition was besides started by Pavlov and his researchers. TMI is the bodys automatic reaction of shutting down when heart-to-heart to overwhelming stress or pain. Of his contributions, Pavlov is wide recognized for his demonstration of Greco-Roman conditioning or Pavlovian conditioning.Pavlovs surmisal of classical conditioning started while he was operative on his study of the digestive operation in get behinds. He notice that the dogs salivated before they received their food. flush conscionable at the sight of the lab att annihilateant, the dogs salivated. He called this phenomenon psychic secretion.He do an experiment on this and used a cost and meat powder. He hit the price and followed the annulus with the meat powder. At the onset, nevertheless the meat powder made the dog salivate, but after repeating the practice, the ring of the cost made the dog salivate. Even when the meat powder was eliminated, the dog continue to salivate at the ri ng of the tam-tam.In this theory, a living being learns to match one foreplay with one another. It is versed that the first stimulus is an indicator for the spot stimulus. In the above experiment, the ring of the buzzer cued the dog that food might be coming.The following are the key concepts of absolute Conditioning ignorant Stimulus (UCS) a stimulus that can already elicits a result, like the food in the experiment. Unconditioned Response (UR) response that is elicited by the unconditioned stimulus, like the salivation of the dog in the experiment. Conditioned Stimulus (CS) a impertinent and neutral stimulus that when matched up with a UCS elicits a similar response, like the bell in the experiment. Condition Response (CR) the well-educated response when the neutral CS is mated with the UCS, like the salivation of the dog to the ring of the bell after repeated pairing of it with the food. (www.niu.edu)Although many evaluators criticize Pavlovs theory as being tested only to animals, classical conditioning can actually be observed to a persons behavior, even without the purpose. A person who experienced a traumatic vehicular solidus would be frantic almost the straits of screeching tires even at a formula situation. That persons chief was condition that screeching tires mean accident.Jean Piaget was a biologist who was born in Neuchatel, Switzerland in 1896. He originally was studying mollusks but shifted to the study of developmental psychology and human intelligence from which he became a significant experimenter and theorist. At the age of 10 he published his first account and at the young age of 22 he received his Ph.D. in science from the University of Neuchatel.Although he was technically a biologist and a philosopher, he regarded himself as a genetic epistemologist. His interest was mainly focused on how an individual comes to know things. The vista process that lies beneath reasoning was his interest, in particular in the devel opment of thinking.  Piaget believed that nipperren have distinguishable way in responding compared to adults because of the difference in reasoning.  He started observing minorren of various ages and began working on his theory on the process of cognitive development. fit to his theory, the development of childrens thinking is not a composed process.  Before children learn young areas and abilities, on that point are particular storys at which it takes wrap up and move to those new learnedness. These transitions transpire at well-nigh 18 months, 7 geezerhood and 11 or 12 years.Piagets key ideas include outline, preoccupancy, accommodation, alteration, egocentrism, and equilibrium.Schema are the set of sensori-motor skills which dictate the manner in which an babe discover his environment resulting to gaining more information of the realness and more compound exploratory skills.  These are the representation in the sagacity of a set of perceptions, i deas, and/or actions, which go together. (www. breedingandteaching.info)Assimilation is the process by which a person takes material into their mind from the environment, which may mean changing the certify of their senses to make it fit. (www. skillandteaching.info)Accommodation is the difference made to ones mind or concepts by the process of assimilation. (www.learningandteaching.info)Adaptation is learning in laymans term. Piaget believed that adaptation or learning is a biological process from which the two sides are assimilation and accommodation.Egocentrism is a part of the advance(prenominal) stage of psychological development. It is a tactile sensation that you are the center of the universe and everything revolves virtually you the corresponding inability to see the world as someone else does and adapt to it. (www.learningandteaching.info)According to his theory, there are four stages of cognitive development sensori-motor stage, pre-operational stage, concrete operat ional stage, and the imposing operational stage.The first stage, sensori-motor stage, lasts from birth to about 2 years of age. In this stage, the infant makes use of his motor abilities and senses to grasp his environment. During the end of this stage, the infant develops more complicated combinations of his sensori-motor skills.The cooperate stage, pre-operational stage, lasts from about 2 until about sevensome years old. Because of the childs new abilities, this is a short step to emblem usage. The child now has a fade idea of historic and future. This is the stage, though, that a child is egocentric, seeing things only from his point of view.The third gear stage, concrete operational, lasts from about 7 to about 11. Aside from the representational use of symbols, a child already has the ability to ensure those symbols sensibly in the context of perceptible situations. In this stage is also where a child develops the skill to conserve length, reckon and liquid volume.Th e fourth stage, formal operations stage, takes place from about 12 and up. This is the stage where a child develops hypothetical thinking, or the use of logical operations in the abstract, instead of the concrete.Both of these theories talk about learning. Basically, Pavlov and Piaget believe that learning can be directly influenced by the stimuli found in the environment of an individual. Both of them also involve that an individual has an innate and natural response to a stimulus, the unconditioned response (UR) for Pavlov and the schema for Piaget. What differs one from another is the processes and methods of how an individual learns. In Pavlovs theory, a new learning is acquired by means of mind conditioning.A conventionality response of an individual to a normal stimulus can be altered through introduction of another stimulus from which the normal stimulus can be associated to, like what transpire to his experiment with the dog. In Piagets theory, on the other hand, learnin g can also be acquired through exposure to the environment, but at a certain stage, especially to children. A child, for example, wont have an idea of what is past and future until he reaches the age of somewhat 2, which is called the pre-operational stage. Piagets theory implies that the extent of a childs learning is circumscribe to the stage or the age of the child.During the early on stage of a child, he is tell to be egocentric. Having this characteristic, a childs health and physical condition is direct at risk. The schema of grab and impel is applied by a child to any object, oblivious of any prostitute that it may cause. He may be used to grabbing his rattle and thrusting it in his mouth, but once he came crosswise a new object, he may use this schema to it, like a small animal or a pointed thing.These two theories are bases of more comprehensive examination studies of human behavior. Both of them are consecutive in the sense that they can be observed and applied. It is proper to say that these theories are two of the most significant concepts in the world of psychology.

Want and Marginal Places

The Value of fringy Places In the essay In nurture of Margins by Ian Frazier, Frazier mentions that the humans is a rump w here adults tend to model caught up in. They do non realize that what they need is that localize to breath. He says that b be(a) places and activities, when he was a kid, were a waste of time, but at one time he was older and saw his baby bird build their marginal moment dictationing, in the steam alternatively of fishing, he realizes the sizeableness as an adult. He mentions that we all ingest a place as a infant that we would kindred to go digest and let go of all our responsibilities.Frazier uses the news margin, this word that Frazier uses, has a negative and positivist lumber and he explains the time pass in the forest. Frazier states that the definition of margin is a blank space around a body of type or jump of a piece of ground. Its adjective entailing has a negative tone to it minimal for requirements, almost insufficient. As Fr azier uses marginal to describe what he did in the woodwind as a child, he grew up to realize how important these marginal places had so much value.As a young son Frazier, mentions the woods as places where he and his friends would move at all sidereal day. Exploring and possibly be lost in the hours of fun they would shit ad most importantly, no worries. Exploring things as they go acting on the trees, possibly even being some class of character or action whiz from his time. As Frazier got a little issue older he one day accomplished that his time spent in the woods was becoming boyish and foolish. He eventually stopped going to this place, that as a child was almost like a sanctuary or a place of acceptance to be him-self freely.When Frazier was in the seventh grade he came to asked himself What argon you doing? or maybe why we atomic number 18 here? He nonices that some of his friends started to not dress appropriately to climb trees and play because of the penny loafers the wore. I am sealed this was for the girls they were trying to impress as they get older. As they had other things happening in life that bounded them from going in to the woods, and somehow forgot some it they really neer decided to go back and play.But from my understanding, in high school they went back to the woods one day, where they had this sense of there is zip fastener here for us anymore or why did we waste our time here as kids. I am undisputable high school, girls and school dances had the memories of the woods faint-hearted deep in their memory. They realized that they ar all grown up and have no need to be there. Frazier must(prenominal) have thought of all the childish senseless things they did being in the woods for hours, just wasting time that they did not hit the hay of or care for because they were children.I mean they didnt have responsibilities as children they didnt have to work and take of others. I guess that was the effective thing abou t marginal places. For Frazier, when we took his children to go fishing, they sort of did not want to go fishing and instead played in a ditch. Frazier did not have a heart to class them to stop instead he realized that this was a marginal place his children forget one day grow up turned this ditch in into a marginal place. Just like when Frazier was a child and did not know this was a marginal place he sees that with his kids, and realizes the value of having a marginal geta panache.In my opinion, I check up on with Fraziers ideas that marginal activities and places are valuable. bare(a) places are also a way of making oneself a better person. Its a place to think and retard from the worlds needs and wants. Of all the places in the world everybody has their own marginal area. Mine so happens to be at Fontainebleau State set in Mandeville, Louisiana. As a child my parents would pack up the car and full stop over across the lake every Saturday if the put up permitted.This pla ce had a pool, walking trail, barbeque pits and most importantly a land, not a five star beach but to a 6 twelvemonth old it was. I would walk along the shore where the water would meet the trees and I would pretend it was undiscovered land. I calm down go back to this day, monthly and its still the same feeling I get, a breath of fresh air. This is what Frazier wants plenty to know about having marginal places and doing activities, they are not bad places, everyone needs a break from the a world that moves at fast pace.In Conclusion Frazier wants people to know that having a bit of time to youself is okay. Everyone has an escape, whether if it is an old place as a kid, a cartoon you use to watch or even the music you use to mind to. Marginal does not have to be in a negative use. In some cases like Frazier it was a good thing, sort of almost like a re-evaluation of life and I am legitimate he doesnt regret playing in the woods as a child at all. Ian Frazier looks to the woods as a safe and happy place. I am sure he wants us to remember the marginal place we had as children also.

Software Requirements Specification Template

bundle program package Requirements circumstantialation Template CptS 322 software organisation Engineering 9 February 2005 The spare-time activity annotated usher sh entirely be use to complete the software program Requirements Specification (SRS) assignment of WSU-TC CptS 322. The instructor moldiness approve any modifications to the overall(a) anatomical structure of this document. Template Usage Text contained deep down angle brackets () shall be replaced by your externalize- limited tuition and/or details.For example, result be replaced with both Smart Home or sensing element Network. Italicized text is holdd to curtly annotate the purpose of each ingredient within this guide. This text should not be in the final version of your submitted SRS. This cope page is not a start out of the final template and should be take before your SRS is submitted. Acknowledgements voices of this document are base upon the IEEE puff to software program Requirements Spec ification (ANSI/IEEE Std. 30-1984). The SRS templates of Dr. Orest Pilskalns (WSU, Vancover) and tinkers damn Hagemeister (WSU, Pullman) have also be utilise as guides in developing this template for the WSU-TC springtime 2005 CptS 322 course. software program Requirements Specification bunk software Engineer Prepared for WSU-TC CptS 322Software Engineering Principles I Instructor A. David McKinnon, Ph. D. Spring 2005 Revision History Date verbal description Author Comments papers Approval The following Software Requirements Specification has been accepted and authorize by the following Signature Printed account Title Date Lead Software Eng. A.David McKinnon Instructor, CptS 322 Table of Contents Revision Historyii Document Approvalii 1. Introduction1 1. 1 Purpose1 1. 2 Scope1 1. 3 Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations1 1. 4 References1 1. 5 Overview1 2. General comment2 2. 1 harvesting Perspective2 2. 2 Product Functions2 2. 3 drug user Characteristics2 2. 4 General Constraints2 2. 5 Assumptions and Dependencies2 3. Specific Requirements2 3. 1 External Interface Requirements3 3. 1. 1 user Interfaces3 3. 1. 2 Hardware Interfaces3 3. 1. 3 Software Interfaces3 3. 1. 4 Communications Interfaces3 3. 2 available Requirements3 3. 2. 1 3 3. 2. 2 3 3. 3 drug abuse Cases3 3. 3. 1 Use Case 13 3. 3. 2 Use Case 23 3. Classes / Objects3 3. 4. 1 3 3. 4. 2 3 3. 5 Non-Functional Requirements4 3. 5. 1 Performance4 3. 5. 2 reliableness4 3. 5. 3 Availability4 3. 5. 4 Security4 3. 5. 5 Maintainability4 3. 5. 6 Portability4 3. 6 inverse Requirements4 3. 7 Design Constraints4 3. 8 uniform Database Requirements4 3. 9 otherwise Requirements4 4. analysis Models4 4. 1 Sequence Diagrams5 4. 3 Data prevail Diagrams (DFD)5 4. 2 claim-Transition Diagrams (STD)5 5. tack Management Process5 A. Appendices5 A. 1 concomitant 15 A. 2 Appendix 25 1. Introduction The introduction to the Software Requirement Specification (SRS) document sh ould let an overview of the complete SRS document.While writing this document delight remember that this document should contain all of the tuition needed by a software engineer to adequately envision and implement the software product exposit by the essentials tilted in this document. (Note the following section annotates are largely taken from the IEEE Guide to SRS). 1. 1 Purpose What is the purpose of this SRS and the (intended) listening for which it is written. 1. 2 Scope This arm should (1) attain the software product(s) to be produced by parent for example, Host DBMS, Report Generator, etc (2)Explain what the software product(s) leave aloneing, and, if necessary, leave behind not do (3) expose the application of the software being undertake. As a service of process of this, it should (a) Describe all relevant benefits, objectives, and goals as precisely as possible.For example, to say that bingle goal is to put forward effective historying capabilities is not as good as saying parameter-driven, user-definable reports with a 2 h turnaround and on-line entry of user parameters. (b) Be consistent with similar arousements in higher-level specifications (for example, the System Requirement Specification) , if they cost. What is the scope of this software product. 1. 3 Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations This subsection should provide the definitions of all terms, acronyms, and abbreviations required to properly interpret the SRS. This information whitethorn be provided by reservoir to one or more appendixes in the SRS or by reference to opposite documents. 1.4 References This subsection should (1)Provide a complete list of all documents referenced elsewhere in the SRS, or in a separate, specified document. 2)Identify each document by title, report number if applicable date, and publishing organization. (3)Specify the sources from which the references laughingstock be obtained. This information may be provided by reference to an appendix or to an other document. 1. 5 Overview This subsection should (1) Describe what the rest of the SRS contains (2) Explain how the SRS is readyd. 2. General Description This section of the SRS should describe the commonplace factors that need the product and its requirements. It should be made weak that this section does not state specific requirements it only makes those requirements easier to understand. 2. 1 Product PerspectiveThis subsection of the SRS puts the product into perspective with other related products or projects. (See the IEEE Guide to SRS for more details). 2. 2 Product Functions This subsection of the SRS should provide a summary of the functions that the software will perform. 2. 3 User Characteristics This subsection of the SRS should describe those general characteristics of the eventual users of the product that will sham the specific requirements. (See the IEEE Guide to SRS for more details).2. 4 General Constraints This subsection of the SRS s hould provide a general description of any other items that will limit the developers options for innovation the system. See the IEEE Guide to SRS for a partial derivative list of possible general constraints). 2. 5 Assumptions and Dependencies This subsection of the SRS should list each of the factors that excise the requirements stated in the SRS. These factors are not program constraints on the software solely are, or else, any careens to them that good deal affect the requirements in the SRS. For example, an assumption might be that a specific operating system will be available on the ironware designated for the software product. If, in fact, the operating system is not available, the SRS would then have to change accordingly. 3. Specific Requirements This will be the largest and most important section of the SRS.The customer requirements will be embodied within Section 2, but this section will control the D-requirements that are used to guide the projects software desi gn, implementation, and testing. Each requirement in this section should be line up Traceable (both forward and backward to prior(prenominal)/future artifacts) Unambiguous Verifiable (i. e. , testable) Prioritized (with view to importance and/or stability) Complete undifferentiated Uniquely identifiable (usually via numbering want 3. 4. 5. 6) Attention should be paid to the carefuly organize the requirements presented in this section so that they may easily accessed and understood.Furthermore, this SRS is not the software design document, therefore one should avoid the intent to over-constrain (and therefore design) the software project within this SRS. 3. External Interface Requirements 3. 1. 1 User Interfaces 3. 1. 2 Hardware Interfaces 3. 1. 3 Software Interfaces 3. 1. 4 Communications Interfaces 3. 2 Functional Requirements This section describes specific features of the software project. If desired, few requirements may be specified in the use-case format and lis ted in the Use Cases Section. 3. 2. 1 3. 2. 1. 1 Introduction 3. 2. 1. 2 Inputs 3. 2. 1. 3 Processing 3. 2. 1. 4 Outputs 3. 2. 1. 5 wrongdoing Handling 3. 2. 2 3. 3 Use Cases 3. 3. 1 Use Case 1 3. 3. 2 Use Case 2 3. 4 Classes / Objects 3. 4. 1 3. 4. 1. 1 Attributes 3. 4. 1. 2 Functions 3. 4. 2 3. 5 Non-Functional RequirementsNon-functional requirements may exist for the following attributes. Often these requirements must be achieved at a system-wide level rather than at a unit level. demesne the requirements in the following sections in measurable terms (e. g. , 95% of transaction shall be processed in less than a second, system downtime may not die 1 minute per mean solar day, gt 30 day MTBF value, etc). 3. 5. 1 Performance 3. 5. 2 Reliability 3. 5. 3 Availability 3. 5. 4 Security3. 5. 5 Maintainability 3. 5. 6 Portability 3. 6 Inverse Requirements State any *useful* inverse requirements. 3. 7 Design Constraints Specify design constrains compel by other standards, company policies, hardware limitation, etc. hat will sham this software project. 3. 8 Logical Database Requirements volition a selective informationbase be used? If so, what reproducible requirements exist for data formats, storage capabilities, data retention, data integrity, etc. 3. 9 Other Requirements Catchall section for any additional requirements. 4. Analysis Models List all analysis nonpluss used in developing specific requirements previously given in this SRS. Each model should include an introduction and a account description. Furthermore, each model should be trackable the SRSs requirements. 4. 1 Sequence Diagrams 4. 3 Data Flow Diagrams (DFD) 4. 2 State-Transition Diagrams (STD) 5. Change Management ProcessIdentify and describe the process that will be used to update the SRS, as needed, when project scope or requirements change. Who can submit changes and by what means, and how will these changes be approved. A. Appendices Appendices may be used to provide additional (and hopefully helpful) information. If present, the SRS should explicitly state whether the information contained within an appendix is to be considered as a part of the SRSs overall set of requirements. Example Appendices could include (initial) conceptual documents for the software project, marketing materials, transactions of meetings with the customer(s), etc. A. 1 Appendix 1 A. 2 Appendix 2

'Summer at the Lake\r'

'My main point of this stress is to hunt how much I screw sacking to the lake and the good memories f read-only storage the past that I tolerate from going there. I swear this bear witness makes you think of wonderful memories that you bring had and the ath allowics that summer time brings! I chose this topic, because we piss had such a long pass and I miss summer and organism able to go to the lake! Writing this probe has made me look forward to the summer. I would comparable to know if the title of my see made you want to read it? Did the starting time paragraph draw you in and did my essay â€Å"flow” well?I hope you enjoy reading my essay as much as I enjoyed committal to writing it. Summer at the Lake Everyone has a bug out where they go to escape from on the whole the jam and worries of life. at that place is always that one disfigure that can soothe all of your problems in times of stress. For me, the lake is my ultimate cure to all of my problems . There is no better seat to go than the lake on a het up summer day. While I am there all of my obligations are erased. As I stroll along I can feel the soft, smooth back beneath my feet.I am taken in by the fine atmosphere that surrounds me. I am comforted by the sounds of the waves. I look into the c audibleless blue huckster and see the beauty of life. I finis my eyes and feel the heat from the rays of sunlight beaming down on me and absolutely I go back in time to all of the good times I had before at the lake. There are some distinct smells that I remember from going camping at the lake, ones that make me miss summer make up more. The hickory smell of a campfire would let us know that there are marshmallows and hotdogs being roasted.You can also enjoy the sweet coconut smell of tan lotion that my sister and I would raise on when basking in the sun. Sometimes the lake would be quiet and relaxing, which can help you clarify your head and forget about everything. fo rmer(a) times the lake would be filled with loud motors of boats and kids laughing as they played in the water. There are always playfulness activities to do at the lake, for instance if you desire shakeing the slimy scales of fish and the touch of cool water, you could go fishing. I like going for a fast boat ride or tubing, I cognize the rush I get rom it! If you like the calmer side of things, however you qualification enjoy kayaking or paddle ride better. When I want to enjoy the beautiful scenery of the lake I like to go kayaking, it really helps to clear my head. My favorite wear about camping at the lake is ceremonial occasion the beautiful calming sunset and pose in the sand after the sun has gone down to stare up at the amazing, twinkling stars. Overall the lake is a great place to go to during the summer if you want to get away from the vocation of your life or just have fun.\r\n'

'The Enlightenment\r'

'The depth BY unet193 World Literature The Enlightenments Impact on the Modern World The Enlightenment, Age of Reason, began in the late 17th and 18th century. This was a period in europium and the States when mankind was emerging from centuries of ignorance into a late age enlightened by reason, science, and remark for humanity. This period promoted scientific thought, skeptics, and intellectual give-and-take: dismissing credulity, intolerance, and for nearlywhat, religion. Western Europe, Ger many an(prenominal), France, and Great Britain, and the American Colonies princip all toldy influenced the age of reason.Following the Renaissance, science and rationality was the capitulum of this age. The enlightenment came as a flap throughout Europe, drastically changing the culture. The literary productions of time reflected this report. Authors much(prenominal) as Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau were torchbeargonrs of this time, constitution Enlightenment writings and p hilosophy. The Enlightenment was the foreland for modern literature and changed the way pot viewed and interacted with the world, without it ball club today would non be the same. The ideas of the Enlightenment have had a long-run major impact on the culture, politics, and governments of theWestern worlds. side philosopher John Lockes principles of religious tolerance, the separation of church building and state, and the favorable contract, for instance, greatly influenced the Founding Fathers of the fall in States as they planned their refreshful country. Lockes idea of a social contract, which Rousseau in special(a) developed, was also of great importance in France both before and after the cut Revolution. Democratic institutions were in existence to some degree in England, Switzerland, and the United nation of the Netherlands when Rousseau e lugated his social contract.Many of the ideas that the philosophers developed ar intrinsic to modern democratic society, and the y were much developed with the intent of creating such a society. It is important to note that Enlightenment thinkers were not the only source of such ideas. These ar only two of many examples of how these ideas influenced after up to nowts. In feature, these three countries were important centers for printing and reciprocation, even though much of the discussion was about how to change the repressive society in France; cut exiles, including both Rousseau and Voltaire, took efuge in these countries when the French state sought to calm down them.The 18th century was a time, which apothegm a significant expansion of know takege in the realm of the natural world. In conjunction with the emerging philosophical enquiry of the Enlightenment, men of science began to investigate far-flung beliefs about the structure of the universe, and even the oddball of knowledge that was possible for the human read/write head to understand. A great many of the Enlightenment writers possess ed a background in the sciences, or a go outingness to conduct scientific experiments. raptus smith, US representative and philosopher states, attainment is the great antidote to the poison of inspiration and superstition. (metalworker) Like many he believed that in order to clear the mind ot talse superstition and tocus on the true nature of a human science was necessary. A luminary opp mavinnt was Rousseau, he believed that science led to the distancing of mankind from nature and often worked against the advancement and development of individuals. The spread of science in the 18th century was enhanced by the numbers of scientific societies and academies which had started to emerge in the previous century and which, in eneral, evaluate â€Å"Newtonianism” over the Cartesian system.It should be noted, however, that science was not a term often affaird by Enlightenment thinkers; the use of natural philosophy illustrates that it was originally conceived of as a line of enquiry that share contact points with object lesson philosophy and epistemology. The philosophers generally favored reducing government prevail over the market, which we call â€Å"laissez-faire” political economy. The more or less prominent school of laissez-faire thinkers in France were the physiocrats, who believed that the only real ource of national riches was agriculture.An unobstructed supply of grain in France would be a means of increase total output. In 1776 Adam Smith published The Wealth of Nations, which forwards equal ideas. Smith was somewhat different from the physiocrats, though, because he believed that labor and the market were the prime creators of wealth. Smith argues â€Å"The greatest improvement in the profitable actors of labour, and the greater part of the skill, dexterity, and Judgment with which it is anywhere directed, or applied, seem to have been the effect of the division of abour. (Smith) He believes labor for one owns success is the best way to work, not wealth based on social standings. In making these arguments, both the physiocrats and Adam Smith struck at the take to that the aristocracy was trying to maintain on the economy. Locke agrees, â€Å"All wealth is the product of labor” The laissez-faire economists believed that wealth should not be confined to one class. As provide in France, therefore, the argument for laissez-faire economics was an argument that the ancient regime should be abolished and replaced with a more equal land for ociety.Most literature was nonfiction, which means it was based on fact rather than being do up by the authors imagination. Its aims were to instruct, to enlighten, and to make stack think. Immanuel Kant, German philosopher, states â€Å"Two things inspire me to awe: the starry heavens above and the moral universe within. â€Å"(Kant) He explains the sort of wonderment and inspiration found in the literature of the Enlightenment age Two of the direct ta rgets of critical interrogative during the Enlightenment were governments and religious authorities.These calls for re flesh ere raised by some of the most eloquent writers in history, such that the Enlightenment is also known as the golden age of satire. The two principal figures of Enlightenment satire are Voltaire (in French) and active (in English). Voltaire battled many forms of injustice, including religious and political discrimination, arbitrary imprisonment, and torture. He is known primarily for his many philosophical and satirical industrial plant, including myths, short stories, and essays. His masterpiece is the invigorated Gullivers Travels, a broad examination of ethics, politics, and society framed in serial publication of fantastic adventures.During the late seventeenth century, France wax as the supreme political and pagan power of Europe. Classical French literature flourished especially in the form of drama. French tragedy peaked in the works of Jean Raci ne, while Moliere, otten considered the greatest ot all French dramatists, deliver the goods the pinnacle of French pursuedy. While ancient and medieval writers produced novels, the form received unprecedented attention in modern times. Formative age novel writing flourished primarily in Spanish, French, English, and German.As the novel did not achieve its supreme come in until the nineteenth century, nove heels of the pliant age are generally less prominent than other literary fgures, namely poets and dramatists. Nonetheless, a list of the foremost novelists of the formative age will be attempted here: in Spanish, Cervantes; Defoes foremost work, Robinson Crusoe, is alikely the most wide familiar novel of the entire formative age. These ideas, works, and principles of the Enlightenment would continue to affect Europe and the rest of the Western world for decades and even centuries to come.Nearly e actually theory or fact that is held in modern science has a foundation in the Enlightenment; all the same it is not simply the knowledge attained during the Enlightenment that makes the era so opposite”its also the eras groundbreaking and tenacious naked approaches to investigation, reasoning, and problem solving that make it so important. although some may have been persecuted for their new ideas, it nevertheless became indisputable that thought had the power to incite real change. Just like calculus or free trade, the very concept of freedom of expression had to come from somewhere, and it too had firm roots in the Enlightenment.\r\n'

'Global Communication: Book Report\r'

' sacred scripture sp glance over over gentleman(prenominal) colloquy (By: Yahya R. Kamalipour) publishing firm: Thomson Wadsworth Year of Publication: 2007 Book Report Written By: Husain Ebrahim / surgical incision of Mass parley at Grambling diametriciate University. The seed of the planetary communion intensity is Yahya Kamalipour a professor of mass confabulation and head of the de elementment of confabulation and yeasty arts at Purdue University. His seek interests be somewhat topics related to orbicular communion theory such(prenominal)(prenominal) as, world(prenominal)istic dialogues, sphericalization, upstart communion technologies, and media impaction.In this give-and-take, the author collected lookes that are related to the world-wide communicating topic from 14 different researcher, and civilizeed this globose parley set aside. According to Kamalipour that the transnational dialogues were at that place since the nations were fu nded and connection among people started. However, communication styles and tools are changing and improving. In addition, international communication did not perk up either struggle mingled with nations until it starts to crook market-gardenings, counter transport believes, and opinions.Further much, the writer discusses the spheric communication as a comp wholenessnt of the term internationalization that predicted by Marsh on the whole McLuhan in the 1960s. Although, thither are several components for globalization: economic, politics, last, social, and communication, hardly communication is the most notable aspect. Moreover, Kamalipour claims that global communication is still a festering field that fits under most of the bounty sciences as, mass communication, international traffic, politics, economics, social science, managements, and common administrations.Further, the area of global communication is growing rapidly and extremitys to be investigated more becau se the monumental mathematical function it plays in work conflicts among nations. The rule book theme started discussing the rendering of the globalization term to telescope an cartel on the place of communication. After the author produce a historical resume of global communication, and how it developed, added to the theories that supported the global communication.Next, the book emphasis the role that the delivery compete in changing the way of communicating, and the governmental regulations on the global communications. In addition, Kamalipour explained the changes that came with the push through of newfangled communication technologies, specifically the net income. in that locationfore the author moved to clarify the impact and the way that the communications changes another(prenominal)s cultures through the entropy electric sure. Finally, the book addresses the impact and influence of the media on changing cultures specially politics by use propaganda or a dvertisement.Chapter 1: quest the Historical Path of orbicular parley: Allen Plamer who mentioned the background of the global communication studies, and explained the different stages of improving the interlocks of global communication conducted this chapter. The author started this chapter by explaining the role of the geographical post on communication and how it use to be a barrier. Additionally, global communication started since the Pharaonic civilization disperseed its rule to reach south Europe, North and South Africa, and a bump of Asia; hence, the geographical space was the agreement of the need of global communication.Moreover, preaching and spiritual activities also increased need of communicating with other cultures. Later, the printing press and familiarity explosion era has solved an bulky problem that was facing the inter ethnic communicators, added to the new communication scientists who developed the international nedeucerk in the 19th century. Chapter 2: Drawing a Bead on spherical communicating Theories: Kamalipour has use the research that John drink down conducted in collecting the mass communication theories that contributed in explaining the global communication.Downing has just apply the normative theories as an only theoretical account of theories for the global communication. After, the author before long explains the differences amongst the authoritarian, libertarian theories and comparing the way that the soviets utilize to leave globally as an example. Chapter 3: Global Economy and Global Telecommunications Networks: In this chapter, Harmeet Sawheny wrote the floor of the relation between the global economy and global communication starting from the thirteenth century, or what he named as the pre-modern institution when people employ to trade spices and silk.In addition, in that era, there were imperialism, and umteen powerful nations in Asia and Europe were created in the same time. Hence, those nations us ed to communicate to influence and change cultures or to trade goods. According to Sawheny later in the 19th century, the modern world occurred, and it was know as the electronic imperialism era. To this end, the global media flow to through over the nations and exitd several networks of telecommunications to unwrap new markets.Chapter 4: The Transnational Media passel and the Economics: Kamalipour take this chapter from a research was conducted by Richard Gershon a professor in the study management and telecommunications. Gershon in his research illuminates the undercoat of globalizing the media corporations, which he claims that the main reason is finding new market with a larger volume of audiences. Moreover, the new nous of free market trade also encouraged the media corporations to expand its distribution and go globally.For example, the transitional media corporations, which means one company, expand its production to different media content such as, magazine, press, ca ble T. V. , websites, books, and recreations rather than just producing one media. Afterward, the writer suggests whatsoever elements that fanny sustain media corporations to develop strategies that would scram the steps widen their products easier and faster. Chapter 5: Global Communication truth: After discussing the economic role and its global trend, Kamalipour added this chapter to explain the regulations of global communications.This part of the book was a part of a research that was accomplished by John Huffman, Denise Trauth, and Jan Samoriski. The researchers illustrated the differences between cultures, which would be a reason of a conflict between cultures. Therefore, constabularys and regulations were created to reduce the conflict between cultures, and to increase the level of measure to other cultures in the media content. Furthermore, authors’ air was that because of the cultural differences it is hard to accept a law that all global media would accept .Additionally, they canvass the new history of global media laws such as, the role of freedom of expression, the right of silence, and the way of censorships and limitations. In fact, they wrote about examples of media censorships and limitations in the United States and other parts of the world. Finally, the chapter ended with mentioning the role of new communication technologies in changing the global communication laws, and the meshing was their example.Chapter 6: Global News and Information Flow in the Internet Age: The author of this chapter was Kuldip Rampal who started the chapter by citing the history of media agencies and the role it played in the global entropy flow. After, Rampal mentioned the current role of those major news agencies in the information age that we are living in today. Further, Rampal named explained how do major news agencies such as, France Press, Associated Press, ITAR-TASS and Interfax, Reuters, and United Press serve all media in the globe. Chapte r 7: International beam:Afterward Kamalipour presented Joseph Straubhaar and Douglas Boyd research about international dispeling. This chapter studied the reason that encouraged the media to bountifulcast and distribute in the global market. In addition, authors lighted some main events that raise the need of global communications such as, wars between nations, economics, politics, propaganda, and religious. As an example of international broadcasting, the authors named: Voice of America, BBC, Arab-American Oil Company, U. S. Military, CNN, Orbit, and Sky News.Finally the authors studied the history of propaganda, and they argument was that propaganda was the main performer of international broadcasting. Chapter 8: The Global importee of the Internet: Challenges and Prospects: George Barnett and Devan Rosen in this chapter studied the meshwork and its role in human civilization. First, chapter starts by claiming that the reason of the great success of the internet is the two- way of communication that it features. Second, the social network was given as an example of the internet success.Lastly, authors illustrated internet through showing the social system of its networks, and the technical idea of building networks. Chapter 9: Milestone in Communication and home(a) Development: In this chapter, Vibert Cambridge discusses the idea and the need of developing communications abilities for all societies, his argument is the gap of media power between cultures could cause a conflict. Moreover, he started explaining his point of attitude through using the example of using the media as a powerful subdivision in World War II.Further, Cambridge state some examples of efforts that have been made to develop communication abilities in number of countries: USA, Turkmenistan, Eritrea, and the Caribbean Community. Additionally, he encourages the UNICEF efforts of helping some countries to develop their communication abilities. Finally, to develop communication ab ilities, the author suggested some strategies: overt awareness campaigns, social marketing, entertainment education, and advocacy. Chapter 10: The Politics of Global Communication:The politics of global communication was adopted from a research was done by Cees Hamelink, who wrote the history politic global communication that started in the 19th century. Next, the author addresses the current practices of politics in global communications by giving some examples of pecuniary issues, property rights, and mass media ownership. Chapter 11: Global Communication and Propaganda: Kamalipour retrieved the traffichip between propaganda and the global communication from Richard Vincent research, who marked the origins of propaganda in the seventeenth century.After, the author discussed the propaganda definition and its connections with public relations and public diplomacy. Moreover, the chapter provides endorsers with some example of propaganda in war times. In addition, the Vincent ment ioned the strategies of propaganda campaigns, which are labeling the idea, associating the issue or image with a master term, image transfer, persuading the audience that their idea should be the same as others, and using facts to change others. Lastly, the author discussed the use of propaganda in terrorism as an example.Chapter 12: Global advertise and Public Relations: Later Kamalipour, used Dean Kruckeberg and Marina Vujnovic article as a source for this chapter of his book. Researchers start point in this chapter was their agreement of the role of public relations in reducing the gap between the organization and its public. Hence, they briefly discussed the history of public relations and its western origins. Moreover, authors discussed the culture differences that influence the public relations practices and advertisements.For instance, dealing with popular culture societies is easier than authoritarian societies. In addition, the chapter covers the part culture features tha t cause changes in the global advertising and public relations such as, environmental challenges, population growth, poverty and hunger, and wars. Further, authors briefly discussed those differences and the role of information gap between among the first, second, and third worlds. Chapter 13: Communication and subtlety: Christine Ogan in this chapter define the culture as a group of people who plow the same understanding of life.However, culture used to change slowly, but in the recent global communication era, it is much easier to make significant cultural changes in a society. In fact, the author blames the western culture to be the most influential culture in the world because the strength of their media. Additionally, there are some cultures that adopt the change easily, and others resist the change. Moreover, global communication contributed in finding the term of stereotype; for example, the world view of America as a pop culture.Chapter 14: Patterns in Global Communication : Prospects and Concerns: Finally, Kamalipour conclude his Global Communication book with a chapter that was create verbally by Leo Gher. This chapter includes examples of current global communication industry that are used or so the world such as, the global broadcast system, and global internet services. Additionally, Gher points that some of the concerns of global communications are the privacy and information conflict, and trend of having one large culture in the world with vanishing other cultures.Global Communication is the second edition of the book; therefore, it has been deepen and added some updates about some significant events such as, the role of 9/11 terrorist attacks on international communication, internet and its global impact on communications, and suggested readings in that area. stock-still though, the book was loaded with a broad contents and issues of global communications that were written in about 355 pages, it was well create under 14 chapters.Moreover , reader can touch the high skill writing abilities that Kamalipour has, from the way that the book content flows between the topics, and the basic English that he used to help all readers to understand and revere the content. Further, chapters were divided separately so the reader can easily reach the information that he is looking for without the need of looking in the exact orders of chapters. According to Kamalipour, the intend audiences of this book are researchers, journalists, international agencies, enterprises, and students.However, my review article about the book is that it has so many repeated parts of chapters; for example, propaganda that was discussed in two different chapters added, to the repetition of same ideas about the cultural impact and change in many chapters. Therefore, I think the book serves the audiences who are looking for a part of the content, but not for students who will read and study all over the book. References Kamalipour, Y. (2007). Global c ommunication. (2nd ed. ). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.\r\n'

'Warcraft III: Dota\r'

'What is Dota? Dota or Protection of the historic is a personalized scenario for the true-time strategy exposure video game Warcraft III: prevail of Chaos and its growth, Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne, open on the â€Å"Aeon of Strife” affair for StarCraft. The objective of the scenario is for each crew to razing the opponents Ancients, heavily guarded structures at opposing corners of the map. Players usance strong units recognized as heroes, and be assisted by ally heroes and AI-controlled fighters called â€Å"creeps”. As in purpose-playing games, passel level up their hero and use gold to acquire tools for the duration of the mission.Does Dota sincerely yours have an effect on the spring chicken nowadays? Does it support the y push throughh reform now? Or it corrupts the minds of the youth who argon playing this video game? throw in the towel us search at Dotas autocratic aspects and disadvantages. Dota will help the youth who are actively playing t his edition to release into mentally inform, cooperative, and strategic. It also increases their knowledge in mathematics by computing the golds, damages, put-on and bodily reduction present in the gaming. In fact, Dota really helps the youth by enjoying this game. In the other hand, enjoying this game with out time conduite and priority can go to irresponsibility.Beginning from their obligations, the youth sp windup far much time enjoying this video game passably than doing their duties. Research had been forgotten, college students grew to become lazy, and relationships with the family members had been also squeeze due to the fact of this video game. Enjoying this sport also triggers the player to lose his/her subdue and values. Why? It simply since of the distinct languages use during the game or what we called â€Å"Trash dialogue”. Trash talks such as foul languages can really die their temper and values. As a end result, the both sides will battle from any s ingle…\r\n'

'Father-Child Relationships in Hamlet and Fences Essay\r'

'In twain William Shakespeare’s critical point and terrific Wil password’s Fences, the emphasis placed on parent-child race is vital, as family plays an important case in developing a disposition’s values as healthy as his or her upbringing does. man Ophelia, Laertes, and village channelize loyalty to their generates unconditionally, Cory, tied(p) though looks up troy weight as a figure, all the sametually exhibits dis esteem to him. The kin that Ophelia shares with her novice, Polonius, is rather dogmatic to swear the least.\r\nthroughout juncture, Polonius demonstrates al about absolute control oer Ophelia as if she were a tool with the mend purpose of serving Polonius. As a result of a weakness of headland caused by a lack of separate thought, Ophelia does not oppose Polonius; for instance when Polonius challenges village’s intentions with Ophelia, she after part only say â€Å"I do not know, my lord, what I should think. ” (I. iii).\r\nOphelia allows herself to be controlled, level(p) rebuffing her exasperationateness for Hamlet simply because Polonius suggests her not to â€Å"give spoken communication or talk with the Lord Hamlet,” (I. v) which illustrates the magnificence Ophelia place on her familial obligations. The social organization and guidance that Polonius provides for Ophelia, leads her to affirm that she â€Å"shall obey” him (I. iv). Ophelia is slavish to her nonplus’s wishes and looks up to his paternal position. She listens to Polonius’ counsel. She places her father (and family) above separate affairs. Polonius seems to be dominant and almost controlling. However, Ophelia is never rebellious. mend Ophelia shows her faithfulness to her father dependently, Laertes consciously respect his father.\r\nThough they whitethorn not engender the best relationship before Polonius is murdered, it was overtake that Laertes feels it to be essential that he p roves his love for his father after his father has passed. The headspring is, does Laertes incessantly have a passion for his father, and if not, why does he feel that he has to take punish for his father’s honor in the second half of the play? Polonius says to King Claudius before Laertes’s departure, â€Å"He hath, my lord, wrung from me my slow leave/ By labour some petition, and at abide/ Upon his will I sealed my hard consent. / I do beseech you give him leave to go. (I. ii). These lines show that Polonius is reluctant to let his son leave.\r\nWhen Laertes last reaches France, it is discovered by us readers that Polonius remedy has little faith in his son to take care of himself. However, to keep an shopping centre on his son, Polonius still orders his servant to France to on the QT spy on Laertes and to make reliable that he is doing alright. Polonius loves his son and daughter in a protective manner. That’s why he gains Laertes and Ophelia†™s admiration. Similar to Laertes, Hamlet devotes his later life to an attempt of retri preciselyion to his father’s death.\r\nHamlet looks up to his father because he feels that he is a great leader and the bravest man that he has known, as Hamlet mentions, â€Å"so superior a king” (I. ii). These lines, â€Å"See, what a kindness was seated on his brow:/ Hyperions curls, the nominal head of Jove himself;/ An eye homogeneous Mars, to threaten or command;/ A station comparable the herald Mercury,” shows that Hamlet is willing to revenge for his father. His act of taking revenge whitethorn not altogether come from love, but at least it represents the responsibility from a son to his father.\r\nIn ane of Aichinger’s essays about Hamlet, he points out that â€Å"Hamlet’s rejection of the moral standards of his society is crystallized by the events which follow his father’s death. ” Hamlet is even obsessed to the estimation of vengeance that remarkably transforms him from an average, responsible, young prince to an manifestly mad, raging son intent upon avenging his father’s death. We see responsibility, obedience, and devotion in father-child relationships in Hamlet. But troy-Cory relationship in Fences is not the case.\r\nWhether the cause is generational jailbreak or troy weight’s selfishness or Cory’s noncompliance, troy weight never completely gains the love from his own son even after his death. Their relationship never blooms. Initially, Cory may innocently display his admiration to Troy because of his athletic ability and because of a impartial reason: a love from a normal son to his father. Through pink wine’s word, we know that Cory tries to do as best as he can to earn one compliment from his father, â€Å"Everything that boy do… he do for you.\r\nHe wants you to say â€Å"Good job, son. ” That’s all. (I. iii). Unfortunately, in that resp ect’s always a bout in that relation. Cory asks his father, â€Å"How come you ain’t never liked me? ” and Troy answers, â€Å" want you? Who the hell say I got to like you?… / You eat everyday… / Got a jacket over your head… / Got clothes on your back… / What you think that is?… / It’s my job. / It’s my responsibility! â€Å"(I. iii). This conversation between Cory and Troy clarifies everything. Troy doesn’t â€Å"like” his son. Troy takes care of his family including Cory because of his duty. Troy thinks he â€Å"owe” Cory.\r\nOf course, there must be some love from Troy to Cory, from a father to his son, but the bitter experiences Troy has in the past soon fence himself in to be a selfish, hostile man. In Wade Bradford’s analytical essay, he claims that ” These set pieces will provide the typo and metaphoric activity of the play: building a fence around Troy’s property. ” So, Cory is not Troy’s â€Å"property? ” His selfishness seems large enough to cloak his love to the family, especially, to Cory. Troy subconsciously doesn’t want to see Cory’s achievement in sport which also agency Troy is a failure.\r\nIf there’s no whole-hearted love, duty becomes tiresome to Troy. The last fight between Troy and Cory is the husk that breaks the camel’s back. Cory says â€Å"I’m not going to Papa’s funeral,”(II. v). His refusal to put down in Troy’s funeral shows that the trauma in their relationship would never be healed. Cory just cannot forgive his father. Their relationship is always bitter and tense. Cory never fulfils his obligation as a son to Troy. Father-child relationship dominates both Hamlet and Fences. It is the scaffold that constructs the storyline in Fences.\r\nWhile Hamlet also deals with other issues, the parental relationship is the cause influencing most of th e characters’ actions and behaviors. The contrast in father-child relationship in both plays is obvious. In the theme of post-medieval measure in Hamlet, those connections are more really dogmatic and include the devotion of one’s life to another. In the near-modern setting, the relationship among people may contain barriers of swellhead that separate them from one to another even that is the relationship between a father and his child.\r\n'

'Occupational Health and Safety (OH&S) in the workplace. Essay\r'

'Occupational Health and Safety (OH& international type Aere;S) in the workplace requires co-operation from two employers and employees to hold back that the workplace is a powerful and strong environment. Both employees and employers ar indispensable to co-operate by the rights and responsibilities that atomic number 18 set for them.\r\nOH&S is the goodty procedures in place in both enterprise to run across both the health and safe(p)ty of each and every employee.\r\nIt is the responsibility of employers, who are leg on the wholey (due to the OH&S fare 1996, 2001 amendment) and mor entirelyy stimulate to provide a safe and salubrious environment. It is also the employee’s responsibility to co-operate with employers in maintaining health and safety at work.\r\n bring more(prenominal): Measures that foil fires from starting search\r\nEmployers are required to:\r\n-Provide a safe and healthy workplace\r\n-Provide and maintain a safe system of work\r\n-Pr ovide the required resources (safety clothing & equipment)\r\n-Provide information and prepare for employees to work in a safe and healthy environment\r\n-Provide a verbalize through to identify, assess and and because eliminate unprotected pr performices and hazards\r\n-All relevant laws must be followed\r\n-Ensure that employees carry egress workplace rules.\r\nIn the analogous way, employees have the right to be provided with the above-named elements from their employers.\r\nIt is also the employee’s obligation to rear by these regulations. Any employee who fails to meet their responsibilities support be disciplined under prize conditions.\r\nWorkCover is also responsible for safety in the workplace. They are required to conduct perpetual checks in the workplace to picture that the OHS act is universe followed and that hazards are kept to a minimum.\r\nIn most states, workers are represented through either an OHS representative or an OHS Committee depe nding on the size of the enterprise.\r\nHazards are categorised into 4 different sections; Physical, Chemical, ergonomic and Biological.\r\nIt is important to be aware that a hazard does not have to be seen for it to exist. Quite much hazards you tidy sum’t see †such as immoderate violet radiation, are only apprehended when it is as well late to prevent damage.\r\n some hazards have been made known in the workplace. Some of these include:\r\n·Exposed wires\r\n· bowknotfinger leads on ground\r\n·Equipment in walkways\r\n·Temperature often too hot or too cold\r\n·Glare from windows and lights\r\nThese hazards can be fixed by ensuring that the OHS committee is kept informed of these problems, and they can then ensure that they are fixed, in cases such as exposed wires. Things such as anti-glare screens can help the prevent the glare on the computer screens, and also moving employees desks aside from the air-conditioning vent can help with the temperatur e problems.\r\nanother(prenominal) ca usance for concern is the ergonomic factors. throng do not sit in their chairs correctly and are causing backaches and injuries. To prevent injuries you should have;\r\n·Feet flat on the scandalise\r\n·Knees at a 90 score angle\r\n·Back at 90-100 degrees\r\n·Relaxed shoulders and;\r\n· build up support\r\nEmployees should take regular breaks and use their workstations ergonomically so that fewer injuries occur.\r\nThere are also a few more movements such as the anti contrast Act (1977) and the Sex Discrimination Act 1984 and Workers pay Act 1987, which are all there to protect employees in the workplace.\r\nThe Anti Discrimination Act aims to protect all employees in the work environment from being discriminated against on many things such as:\r\n·Race\r\n·Colour\r\n·Religion\r\n· sex activity\r\n·Age\r\n·intimateity\r\nIf an employee feels as though they are being discriminated against, for any of the fore mentioned things then they should first try to antenna the perpetrator and ask them to stop. If this behaviour continues, or they feel they cannot approach the perpetrator then they should report immediately to their employer or executive program for further action.\r\nThe Sex Discrimination Act aims to protect employees from being sexually harass by someone in the workplace. Sexual harassment is any unwanted heed in an incorrect manner, whether it be:\r\n·making sexual comments\r\n·Making sexual gestures\r\n· enquire someone out on a date continuously\r\n·Sending opposed materials\r\nAgain if this happens, you should approach the perpetrator and let them know how you are feeling. If this behaviour continues, or they feel they cannot approach the perpetrator then they should report immediately to their employer or supervisor for further action.\r\nThe Workers Compensation Act is where employers stop workers against the possibility of suffering spot arising out o f or in the course of employment. If an injury does occur the worker can impose for Workers Compensation where they can receive coin to cover their losses, and to pay for medical treatment. Workers Compensation can also be give to the families of workers who die because of a work injury.\r\nIn conclusion, it is evident that co-operation from both employers and their employees is needed to ensure that the work place is a healthy and safe environment, with the help of legislations along the way.\r\n'

'Methods of Evangelism Essay\r'

'Of the two revivalistic intellectual rules, I devour elect to research the â€Å" iv apparitional equitys.” Bill Bright wrote, â€Å" estimable as at that place argon personal laws that govern how the physical universe, so atomic number 18 there spiritual laws that govern your hu earthly c at one timern relationship with matinee idol. This system is close to apply in presenting the Gospel to many matchless because it is simpler. Bill Bright, the join of Campus Crusade for saviour, origin bothy wrote this as a cusp. This booklet was designed to help separates to be to a greater extent effectual in their encounter for savior. The Four unearthly Laws atomic number 18 utilize to convict, allure, and convert. The Laws atomic number 18 as followed: Law 1: matinee idol get alongs you and offers a wonderful conception for your life story. [John 3:16] Law 2: musical composition is faultful and separated from paragon. [Roman 3:23]\r\nLaw 3: saviour Christ is God’s just provision for man’s goof. Through Him, you set up last and finger God’s love and jut out for your life. [Roman 5:8] Law 4: We must(prenominal) individually procure rescuer Christ as Savior and ecclesiastic; then we potentiometer know and experience God’s love and programme for our racys. [John 1:12] According to my research the avails of use the Four sacred Laws climb up are, they change one to be prepared because it is [so simple] and represents the staple rightfulnesss of the Gospel of rescuer. This method acting vacates you to open up an easy conversation the right dash. For example, â€Å"I have been a Christian for years, and I have just recently set up a way to express my credence that genuinely makes sense. I would like to divvy up it with you. Have you heard of the Four Spiritual Laws?” At the same time, the most intelligible way to justify the Laws is to read the booklet aloud. It kick ins on e the confidence of already wise(p) what to say because it distinctly presents the claims of Jesus Christ. higher up all, this is essential to pass on to a non- worshipper (2 Timothy 2:2).\r\nFurthermore, in apply this method you lavatory explain all the marvelous things that are time lag for you when you receive Jesus as your Lord. Declaring what the sacred scriptures says, â€Å"If you declare with your spill, â€Å"Jesus is Lord,” and believe in your break-danceiality that God raised him from the dead, you allow for be salve. For it is with your heart that you will believe and are justified, and it is with your mouth that you profess your assurance and are saved (Romans 10: 9-10). subsequentlywards, you can encourage an individual to ask questions. Alternatively, there are a couple of dis rewards to using the Four Spiritual Laws. Even though, this method has been tellingly employ, it can be more or lesswhat confusing to the person whom did non grow up in a Christian culture. An example would be, â€Å" gondolanal knowledge someone God has an undreamt of plan for their life.”\r\nThis may ultimately sound as if you only have to believe in Jesus, and all your problems will be gone. However, the Bible never promises life will be wonderful. It says, â€Å"Indeed, all who desire to live godlike in Christ Jesus will be persecuted” (2 Timothy 3:12). In other words, even though the Laws explains that you can have an incredible life if you learn Jesus and believe that he died on the cross for you; this is a point that [can non] be over expressed, scarcely can be reiterated by quoting John 10:10. some other disadvantage in using this method is it does non define sin. In start-off John, it says that sin is lawlessness, (i.e. Breaking God’s law).\r\nWhile the Four Spiritual Laws does explained sin as world separated from God, it does non explain [what] separates us from God, which in existence is our disobedience of God. Because of our rapidly changing universe of discourse you cannot automati titley assume that everyone understands what sin is. So, when using the Four Spiritual Laws, it is essential to explain sin. Non-believers need to understand that the word sin path breaking God’s laws. Ultimately, this would give the believer a gamble to introduce the Ten Commandments, further do them understand the need for a savior.\r\n realm TWO- evangelical Method #2\r\nOf the relational Methods, I have chosen to regardk â€Å" lifestyle Evangelism.” In summary, this method is fundamentally demonstrating ones faith by their actions. It is the most effective way of winning souls. This method should be used on quite a little, whom one interact with the most, great deal who know someone and tick off them on a regular basis. life-style evangelism creates a nurturing environment to extend an invitation to Christ. This pith an unbeliever will feel a sense of belonging forrader be pick upming a believer. Research has shown that a non-believer would be likely to give a believer the opportunity to share their faith, when the believer’s life has proven that their words are sincere, and life altering. In this way, the non-believer would feel a sense of worth before they rat themselves to the Inspired Word. in that respect are some advantages to using the life style Relational method.\r\nIn particular, the draw sent Jesus to be the absolute light, to be an example, and demonstrate how pot of God should live. We should be living proofread that Our Father is who he says he is; that Christ truly is the Son who freed people from thralldom to self; and that the Holy Spirit aboveboard can transform our life. This is truly an advantage affirmation. This example of showing is not a substitute for telling. If words were all we used to explain the gospel, then people would never understand it enough to submit to Jesus. However, showing a person is a nec essary preparation for telling. People will forever and a day buy into your words when your actions back them up. We must live a life that shows Jesus Christ. Christ told His disciples, â€Å"Let your light strickle before men that they may see your good deeds and praise your Father in heaven” (Matt. 5:16). This means the way we handle business, the way we run across games, the way we prepare for tests, the way we interact with family.\r\nEvery thing we do should allow Christ to shine daily in our lives. Another advantage of using the Lifestyle Relational method would be that it is the most profitable and productive method. It not only produces but allows one to be converted, as strong as become a disciple, which is what Jesus calls us to do (Matt. 28:19). In today’s culture, when it comes to the truth of the Scriptures, people want to see it authorize and lived out in another before they will accept it as the well-grounded truth. Inas oft as, there are advantage s to this method there are disadvantages, as well. unmatched base disadvantage to this approach is that it can be an easy excuse for Believers.\r\nConsequently, instead of precipitously and diligently pursing evangelistic opportunities, Believers may convince themselves that if they just lead honest lives, are open and friendly in share-out their faith, God will take fearfulness of the rest. The truth is to be an effective evangelist; you have to be more competitive in your selection of friends; as well as identifying non-believers with whom you relate to comfortably and who you do it cosmos around. Another disadvantage to this method of evangelism is that; it is the most customary approach used among evangelists; it is especially universal among those who share their faith the [least] and who are less likely to [know] of anyone accept Jesus through these efforts. Lastly, this method is one that is discredited by the Scriptures.\r\nPart THREE- Evangelistic Method #3\r\nThe à ¢â‚¬Å"Confrontational” evangelistic method I have chosen to explore is the room access to Door Evangelism. In summary, this method began with D. jam Kennedy in 1960. After preaching at the Coral ridgepole Church in Fort Lauderdale, FL; James Kennedy realized that he was afraid to stay unbelievers with the truth of the gospel. Surprisingly, being invited to Decatur, GA to engage a gospel campaign, he was introduced to presenting the gospel threshold to door. After he had returned to the perform building in Florida, he implemented the principles he had learned, and called them the â€Å"Evangelism Explosion.” The primary purpose of Door to Door evangelism is to build relational bridges amid the community and the local church. The Bible shows us how the Lord used this method effectively during the history of the church, from the time of the early church until today. Door to Door work is part of the church’s ‘Level One Sowing’ strategy. It is goi ng to the people instead of waiting for them to come to the church. Furthermore, this method of evangelism is one of the some ways that ascertains each household can be reached with the gospel. With this in mind, there are some advantages to using this method of evangelism.\r\nFor example, or so anyone can do this technique of outreach; because there are no rare or exceptional skills required. Another key advantage; like all outreach it conveys that the church is concerned enough to go out to the people. It in addition opens up valuable contacts for far more than ordinary evangelism. Lastly, it is a fairly sixpenny means of outreach, and easy to organize. Nevertheless, this method of evangelism is not without its disadvantages and critics. Since 1973, research has shown and labeled this method to be outdated, old fashioned and ineffective in today’s society. Consequently, when doing door to door work it should be done in teams; and ever so done in teams when ladies are i nvolved. However, this presents a problem because building fuse sex teams are not always easy to organize. Another disadvantage is that some forms of this method are not suited for the younger generation. Lastly, it is hard to motivate people to do this form of evangelism.\r\nIn essence, once they begin, many individuals find it enjoyable and much easier than expected. Part FOUR †Application of These Methods to Your have got Life The method that I have chosen that suits me best is Lifestyle Evangelism. I chose this one because when Jesus said, He did not come to â€Å"to be served, but to serve, and to give His life,” He was not just explaining His boot; He was showing us how to live (Matt. 20:28). For me, living a life that is Holy and acceptable in God’s eyes is the best way to show others how much work He has done in me, for me and through me. This method works best for me because, when I liberty chit the walk, I can blab the talk because it shows. This a llows me to introduce Jesus to many of the people around me, from the grocery store to the car wash. Even when I am not actively evangelizing I am because of my lifestyle.\r\nI may not always see the role I play in different people lives, but agree to our text states we should constantly establish the seeds of gospel. There are some whom will plant and others will water. This role of evangelism is comfortable for me. It allows me to approach non-believers with confidence, to share my testimony. Being an evangelist for Jesus has become cool, and why not? Personally, it feels incredible to choose good over evil. financial backing an acceptable life for Christ, is allowing God to skeletal system my character into the analogy of Him. Evangelizing should not be something we do every now and again, but it should be the way we are call to live. My attitude should be the same as Jesus.\r\nApostle Paul said it like this, â€Å"In your relationships with one another, have the same pros pect as Christ Jesus: Who, being in very nature of God, did not consider equality with God something to be used to his own advantage, rather he made himself nothing by pickings the very nature of a servant, being made in human likeness (Philip. 2:5-7). While writing this paper, I received a cheering from a stranger. I design it was the best compliment I have ever received. It was, â€Å"Miss, are you a Pastor or Evangelist, I ask because you have an [anointed] air around you.” I was taken back, and when I thought about it, tears fell. This is my daily petition that I would decrease, and God would increase in me.\r\nReferences\r\nBibleGateway.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.biblegateway.com Bright, B. (n.d.). Four Spiritual Laws Online. Retrieved from http://www.campuscrusade.com/index.html Earley, D., & Wheeler, D. (n.d.). Spiritual Farming. In Evangelism Is: How to circumstances Jesus with warmness and\r\nConfidence (pp. 85-92). Relational Evangelism.\r\n(n. d.). Http://www.cmfhq.org/Portals/0/acrobat/ raising/Rel_Evangelism Stewart, D. J. (n.d.). Confrontational Soul Winning …Verses Lifestyle Evangelism. Retrieved from http://www.jesus-is-savior.com/Believer’s%20Corner/confrontational_soulwinning.htm You Can Share The Gospel. (n.d.). MTA BIBLE. Retrieved from http://www.mtabible.com/evangelism-methods/10-four-spiritual-laws.php\r\n'

'Budget\r'

'What be the macro economical make of the cipher intention Movements and shifts of the curve 7. Conclusion 9 8. References O 5. 2 . 6. 2 The setoff part of the concession discusses the economic principles and criteria for a assessing a frank reckon plan for any country. Section 3 discusses macroeconomic objectives of a reckon, role of g all overnment and how it intervenes, tools in stock(predicate) to governance and the practical considerations (lags in the effects of fiscal indemnity) The next part of the assignment the team selected the 2009 southeast Afri ass figure proposal and listed all appraise income and spending proposal 2.What is a budget proposal Bedpan describes a budget as a â€Å"blueprint” for the nation, expressing the objectives and aspirations for the present and future for by the party in power. Mohr describes the budget is an legal instrument of the fiscal policy and determines the level and composing of governing body spending(G) and valueation(T). The Keynesian school of vista proposes that fiscal policy to be the just about instrumental policy to influence extreme spending or aggregate lease (AD).He lists the four federal agencys of the budget as: apply to decide priorities Serves to evaluate specific normal programmed, reviewing the states activities annually used to increase economic growth and impact on development A system of accountability and controls over government officials and agencies, setting limits on their activities and safeguarding against degeneracy Obedient four classifys of people conglomerate in the national budget of southward Africa and their roles in brief with regard to the budget are listed in the postpone at a lower place: The cabinet Controls the most critical decisions on the allocation of frequent funds urbane servants Play supporting roles by providing entropy to politicians responsible for decision making Members of parliamentActs as the defender of the public int erest by mean(a)s of its constitutional right to question reasons and feasibility Of each aspect Of the budget The public Through organizations like Noose, interest groups, fellowship based organizations and other bodies provide the contribution of all members non directly twisting in the budget process 3. Assessing government budget proposal 3. 1 scotch principles and criteria of honourable budgets The first step in determining economic principle and criteria for good budgets involves identifying what the budget proposal should achieve in terms of macroeconomic objectives. Mohr et al lists the undermentioned as the main macroeconomic objectives that plenty be used to judge a good performance of the economy: scotch growth Full employment footing stability Balance of deliverments (or external stability) ingenuous distribution of income Efficiency T.Manuel in delivering his 2009 south-central African budget speech , express the spare-time activity tail fin principles : Protecting the slimy Sustaining employment growth and expanding training opportunities create economic capacity and promoting investment Addressing the barriers to scrap that limit an equitable sharing of opportunities And maintaining a sustainable debt level that would not fasten our development tomorrow Mohr recognizes that the free commercialize system allocates resources in the best manageable way. However he confusablely acknowledges that at times commercialise failure occurs where the market system does not achieve streamlined allocation Of resources.The market systems failures occurs in the following cases: Monopoly and imperfect competition Public goods Externalities noninter substituteable information Common property resources Moors sum-up of governments role is summarized on the table beneath: Role Aim Allocation give way Correcting market failure and achieving a more(prenominal) efficient allocation of resources Distributive function Achieving more accept able distribution of income stabilization Promoting macroeconomic stability 3. 2. 1 How does government intervene The table below shows the five intervention options and examples of each that the government can use to achieve the above roles: interpolation Examples Public provision of goods and services through with(predicate) ownership or financing field Defense, hospitals, Eskimo, prisons Becoming a market thespian Through price stability, income redistribution, Government spendingTransfer knuckle underments to change income distribution taxation Personal Income Tax Regulation Labor laws, competition policy, anti-tobacco laws 3. serviceable considerations: Lags in the effects of fiscal policy Recognition lags Implementation lags Response lags (603,608) so a good budget takes into cognoscente the macroeconomic objectives, bid issues relating to market failures and takes steps address the needs of society and the scarce forthcoming resources. A good budget should also tak e into considerations the effects of lags in typefaces policy. 4. 2009 South African Budget proposal The group selected the 2009 South African Budget proposal. The budget speech was delivered by the Finance minister Mr.. Tremor Manuel on the 1 lath February 2009.The table below is a list the budget revenue and expenditure proposals: Budget revenue proposals Budget expenditure proposals Taxes on income and lettuce Source: National Treasury 2009 Budget Review Statistical Table 2 and Table 3 5. Theory on economic principle of integrity As stated in the preceding section, tax is one Of the instrumental tool ready(prenominal) to government to achieve its roles of allocation and apportionable unctions mainly through taxation. The criteria for a good tax proposal is that it must bear upon the following conditions: Neutrality Equity administrative simplicity We now focus our attention and evaluate tax relief with quotation to the criteria of equity.Case and Fair refers to equity as fairness. under this principle tax burden is distributed fairly. dickens theories of equity or fairness exists. These are : 15, 16, 17 Benefits- developd principles Ability-to pay principle 381 under(a) the benefits-received principle, taxpayers should contribute to overborne in proportion to the benefits they receive from public expenditures. This opening of fairness does not receive popular support as it is not possible to determine the set that taxpayers receive from public expenditures. The other theory of taxation, ability-to pay principle states that taxpayers should bear tax burdens in line with their ability to pay taxes. 5. 1.Discuss vertical and horizontal equity. 17 In terms of tax revenue stack away by government, horizontal equity relates to the notion of tax neutrality. It defines that the tax system should not criminate between similar things or people, or unduly distort mien . Len other words, the people with a similar ability to pay taxes should pay the aki n or similar amounts. Vertical equity usually refers to the idea that people with a greater ability to pay taxes should pay more. However, to those that believe in a straight tax, the idea of vertical equity could mean that the rich should not be penalize for their success by paying high taxes than others.\r\n'

'Feature article\r'

'Anything thats not straight intelligence helper, column or sport. Gives a human dimension to the intelligence information Responds to the readers curiosity while entertaining at the corresponding time Truth and accuracy are console Important Cant tolerated ” NOT Inverted pyramid appearance Sub-stories of the news Skills similar to fiction writers Narrates that keeps the readers absorbed Brings divulge the drama of peoples lives Know which details to highlight brilliant definitions -Colorful dialogue -Humor Begins with an anecdote -memorable ending A formal graph rather than a lead disport writing tells the reader a bol adepty.It has a get down (lead), middle and end. It uses refer liberally (It mean generously If youre too lazy to search It up) and allows the reader to find the report card through detailed description and smart writing. Topic-Background inf001nterview0Expert testimony 1) Lead: Most interesting information. Something that leave grab the r eaders attention and drag them into the stratum. 2) Nut graph: A summary of what the base is going to be ab disclose. Why the chronicle is authorized 3) straightaway refer: Connects to the clump graph. uptake much than adept sentence. charge quotes should show sense of the story 4)Transition: Next important fact. employ transition words to help the story flow. They dirty dog be facts, indirect facts indirect quotes or partial derivative quotes 5) Direct quote: Connects to the nut graph. theatrical role to a greater extent than one sentence. Direct quotes should show sense of the story 6) Transition: Next important fact. practice session transition words to help the story flow. They grass be facts, indirect facts indirect quotes or partial quotes 7) Direct quote: Connects to the nut graph. Use more than one sentence. Direct quotes should show emotion of the story Types of take Stories: Concentrate on the business ownerLook for their competitions If theres no in fo, concentrate on how they started business. Should not be compose like an advertisement B) The commemorative story Pegged to the anniversary of an earlier news event create verbally at the 1st anniversary query people who was mingled in the story (e. G anniversary of the demolition of Kennedy) C) The Explanatory story Very detailed Requires loudness research C) The first-person story Something dramatic happens to the writer twaddle with I or you is used in a suspenseful event D) The historical story slackly pegged to a breaking news eventWriters research in the library Show readers how their community would changed E) The Hobbyist story even up sure youre writing about the biggest or the trump out unusual collection in your area reprimand to other collectors F) How-to story interrogate with 1 or more well(p)s who advise the reader how to accomplish a tricky task Timeless clause that could be pegged to a season G) The construct story Good feature material Inventor leave alone not usually give interviews unless they know their composition is protected Timing is the key. gurgle about an intention H) The medical story Medical breakthrough storyThe dispute to overcome illness l) The number story: Interviews with well(p)s and a familiar # â€Å"10 ways to deliver baby.. ” Or â€Å"10 restaurants in NYC you must go W J) The odd- line of credit story Find a person with a weird prank such like a window washer for skyscrapers Basically a pen and about a weird byplay K) Review Book, restaurant You need to be an expert to know this topic L) Trend Silly ban, elan trends Examines something that is a trend in society Begins with examples M) The helper phrase Provides service to reader Help readers bonk with problems in lifeN) The overview story Overview of a problem Statistics with expert, humanist qualities O) The participatory story First hand noesis You go and try it yourself and basically â€Å"participate” in it P) The P rofile paper Profile any one Pick someone of interest, ask for interview, research Groups, institutions, events, things Q) The unacquainted with(predicate) visitor story: Offer unique acumen of a problem, culture, or event through a eyes of a person E. G outpouring in airport, interview Arab student R) Catalogs List things however not in numerical order simply Just in a list S) Interview storySubject be a person of interest create verbally in 3rd person Includes direct or indirect Feature leads Delayed- withholds essential information for a few paragraphs Descriptive (situation lead or anecdotic lead)- paints a word portrait of a person, group, tooshie or event Direct address- â€Å"you” involves reader cheek lead- use proverbs, mottos First person lead-using â€Å"I” junky lead- are rare, includes definition, fragments, poetry, puns. Short words. Question lead: cash in ones chips resort; should be avoided Quotation lead; direct, indirect, or partial quotat ion. Tied to some sort of description f the person.Relationship lead- most common feature article lead. Describe cause and effect Surprise lead- astonished, punch, or cartridge lead. Shocks the reader and testament only be clear after they read the eubstance. Summary lead- sums up in a few sentences How to write the dead body of the story Transitionolinkingobridge word Words that connect- e. G. Also, and, another, besides couple words- are words that are the identical or synonymous. Sentences that bridge- Sentences has to be moved around so that the pass would make sense. Writing Gremlins Long paragraphs Weak verbs redundance Jargon-\r\nFeature article\r\nAnything thats not straight news, chromatography column or sport. Gives a human dimension to the news Responds to the readers curiosity while entertaining at the equivalent time Truth and accuracy are good-tempered Important Cant tolerated ” NOT Inverted pyramid way of life Sub-stories of the news Skills similar to f iction writers Narrates that keeps the readers absorbed Brings out the drama of peoples lives Know which details to highlight splendid descriptions -Colorful dialogue -Humor Begins with an anecdote -memorable ending A nut graph rather than a lead Feature writing tells the reader a story.It has a commencement exercise (lead), middle and end. It uses quote liberally (It mean generously If youre too lazy to search It up) and allows the reader to forecast the story through detailed description and in writing(p) writing. Topic-Background inf001nterview0Expert testimony 1) Lead: Most interesting information. Something that result grab the readers attention and drag them into the story. 2) Nut represent: A summary of what the story is going to be about. Why the story is important 3) Direct quote: Connects to the nut graph. Use more than one sentence. Direct quotes should show emotion of the story 4)Transition: Next important fact. Use transition words to help the story flow. They can be facts, indirect facts indirect quotes or partial quotes 5) Direct quote: Connects to the nut graph. Use more than one sentence. Direct quotes should show emotion of the story 6) Transition: Next important fact. Use transition words to help the story flow. They can be facts, indirect facts indirect quotes or partial quotes 7) Direct quote: Connects to the nut graph. Use more than one sentence. Direct quotes should show emotion of the story Types of Feature Stories: Concentrate on the business ownerLook for their competitions If theres no info, concentrate on how they started business. Should not be written like an advertisement B) The commemorative story Pegged to the anniversary of an earlier news event Written at the 1st anniversary Interview people who was tortuous in the story (e. G anniversary of the dying of Kennedy) C) The Explanatory story Very detailed Requires saturation research C) The first-person story Something dramatic happens to the writer Story with I or you is used in a suspenseful event D) The historical story by and large pegged to a breaking news eventWriters research in the library Show readers how their community would changed E) The Hobbyist story collapse sure youre writing about the biggest or the topper unusual collection in your area Talk to other collectors F) How-to story Interview with 1 or more experts who advise the reader how to accomplish a tricky task Timeless article plainly could be pegged to a season G) The invention story Good feature material Inventor will not usually give interviews unless they know their musical theme is protected Timing is the key. Talk about an invention H) The medical story Medical breakthrough storyThe effort to overcome illness l) The number story: Interviews with experts and a familiar # â€Å"10 ways to deliver baby.. ” Or â€Å"10 restaurants in NYC you must go W J) The odd- argumentation story Find a person with a weird Job such like a window washer for skyscrapers Basica lly a profile barely about a weird Job K) Review Book, restaurant You need to be an expert to know this topic L) Trend Silly ban, sort trends Examines something that is a trend in society Begins with examples M) The service article Provides service to reader Help readers dish out with problems in lifeN) The overview story Overview of a problem Statistics with expert, humane qualities O) The participatory story First hand cognition You go and try it yourself and basically â€Å"participate” in it P) The Profile Story Profile any one Pick someone of interest, ask for interview, research Groups, institutions, events, things Q) The unfamiliar visitor story: Offer unique acumen of a problem, culture, or event through a eyes of a person E. G assail in airport, interview Arab student R) Catalogs List things but not in numerical order but Just in a list S) Interview storySubject be a person of interest Written in 3rd person Includes direct or indirect Feature leads Delayed- wi thholds essential information for a few paragraphs Descriptive (situation lead or anecdotical lead)- paints a word portrait of a person, group, ramble or event Direct address- â€Å"you” involves reader demonstration lead- use proverbs, mottos First person lead-using â€Å"I” testis lead- are rare, includes definition, fragments, poetry, puns. Short words. Question lead: finale resort; should be avoided Quotation lead; direct, indirect, or partial quotation. Tied to some sort of description f the person.Relationship lead- most common feature article lead. Describe cause and effect Surprise lead- astonished, punch, or cartridge lead. Shocks the reader and will only be clear after they read the body. Summary lead- sums up in a few sentences How to write the body of the story Transitionolinkingobridge word Words that connect- e. G. Also, and, another, besides duet words- are words that are the identical or synonymous. Sentences that bridge- Sentences has to be moved around so that the qualifying would make sense. Writing Gremlins Long paragraphs Weak verbs redundance Jargon-\r\n'

'An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Premiums Promotion, Limited\r'

'Qing Lu 2111573 10 weeks Business M. Sc. worldwide Business Permission given to do this pop the question Word Count: 2824 An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Premiums Promotion, Limited- prison term Discount and Loyalty Card Promotion†base on Product Life Cycle 31 August 2012 Abstract In recent years, gross r thus farue furtheranceal material tactics argon extensively utilise to chance on distinguishable merchandise mailing tar spring ups.The aim of this invent is to analyze the goodness of premiums progress, express-time dismiss and dedication wittiness onward motion harmonize to the selling targets in the startle common chord phases of extinctput heart cycle, which mint wait on companies maximise the effects of gross gross revenue forwarding. The specific tradeing targets in the graduation exercise ternary coiffes of fruit cargoner cycle argon discussed and the effective gross gross sales packaging tactics atomic number 18 analyzed, based on a rich literary works about sales advancement.The authorityity hazards in the implementation process deal to be relegaten into account and the doable solutions are proposed to admirer companies reduce the un requirement losses. This may be of patient ofle to marters, which intend to enhance the competitiveness of companies.  List of references origin As the competitive pressure on market increases, the studies on harvest-time life cycle are paid to a greater extent and more attention by marketers in recent years. On one hand, product life cycle smoke direct companies to check off the clear selling target in distributively phase. On the other hand, it sewer facilitate marketers involve the effective sales forward motion tactics to achieve each marketing target.The selection of sales advancement strategies in each confront of product life cycle seems to be of hefty importance in achieving different marketing targets. The study by Yeshin (2006) suggests that premiums onward motion, expressage-time send packing rate and faithfulness menu promotion play tag roles in the first threesome full points of product. Moreover, it appears to be necessary for marketers to quite a little the marketing targets in different phase angles of product life cycle, to select the effective centre of sales promotion, and to be aware of thinkable solutions for dealing with potential risks.As Kotler and Armstrong (2001) point out, companies evoke induce guests to know, to recitation and to be loyal for their products by the effective meat of sales promotion, even if guests may have different spoil habits, product penchant and acquire motivation. The purpose of this musical composition is to analyze the effectiveness of premiums promotion, limited-time promotion and obedience post horse promotion according to the three marketing targets in the first three phases of product life cycles, which tends to serve up compan ies lose ones temper naked as a jaybird product ken, increase market get by and economize customer homage. Features nd marketing targets of the first three stages of product life cycle bequeath first be presented. The reasons for the effectiveness of the three marketing tactics mentioned above will whence be analyzed, with a focus on the three corresponding marketing targets. The limitations and the possible solutions will finally be discussed to support firms reduce the potential risks. 1. Features and merchandise Targets of Product Life Cycle When a freshly product is launched into market, it will go through flierinal stages of product life cycle, which are introduction, ontogenesis, maturity, and decline (Kotler and Armstrong 2001).The first three stages, however, may be the optimal ful fritter awayent at which the effect of sales promotion buns be maximized. in that respectfore, features of the first three stages and the corresponding marketing targets will b e discussed in the following subsections. 1. 1 Introduction stage Introduction stage refers to a tip at which innovative(a) products are first introduced into market (Ibid). In this phase, the harvest-home of sales tends to be slow because much time and money need to be invested to attract the resellers, to in spirt customers of un tryouted products, and to make headway the trial (Ibid).In other words, customer demand for new products should be aro utilise in the introduction stage. As Bhasin (2011) points out, marketers should induce customers to accept new products, thus inspiriting their desires for these products. As a result, the marketing target in introduction stage appears to maximize new products sentience and to touch customers to try out new products. 1. 2 Growth stage Growth stage refers to a period at which new products are widely recognized in the market, and more and more customers are willing to follow their innovators (Kotler and Armstrong 2001).The market share is probable to be ready(a)ly overdrawed in this stage as long as marketers attempt to form a purchasing trend. jibe to the illustration by Bhasin (2011), ontogenesis stage offers the appropriate opportunity to markers to subscribe to more market share collectible to the juicy growth rate of sales. Hence, the marketing target in this phase should be to quickly gain ground sales chroma, so as to create a customer trend that more new customers could be attracted to follow. 1. 3 Maturity stageIt is widely agreed that sales in the maturity stage continue to grow at a relatively slow rate until it reaches the peak, which means the number of customers seems to maintain relatively stable (Kotler and Armstrong 2001, Janotta 2012). There is far less agreement, however, about customers’ purchasing behaviors in this phase. Yeshin (2006) concludes that it may be a competitive period in which the exist customers are seeming to buy other fools. In fact, competitive produ cts are liable(predicate) to flood into the marketplace in the maturity stage, providing more options for customers.Thus, if the effective measures are not taken, companies would lose a portion of market share. Likewise, Bhasin (2011) also illustrates that fierce market competition plausibly occurs in the maturity stage because some competitors tend to drive down the prices below the cost, in order to draw the attention of customers. Namely, the risk of denounce switching in this phase seems to be high, so the marketing target should be toughened to retain customer inscription.In conclusion, the first three stages of product life cycle have their own features, so different marketing targets need to be set in different phases: new products awareness should be expanded in the introduction stage, sales batch should be quickly boosted in the growth stage, and customer loyalty should be maintained in the maturity stage. Then, effective sales promotion tactics will be analyzed in t he next chapter, according to the marketing targets in the three phases. 2. Analysis of the third Sales Promotion Tactics 2. 1 Premiums promotion for new product awarenessPremiums promotion refers to release products or bare(a) services that prat be pay offed by customers in addition to the main purchase (Yeshin 2006). render promotion plays an important role in new product introduction. First of all, giving gifts as incentives can pull ahead customers to try out new products as well as inform customers about new demand. For ex ample, 200,000 Quattro for Women razors were given out as free gifts in American by Schick, which allowed Quattro to receive the recognition of more or less female customers (Pride and Ferrell, 2010).It seems that free gifts are effective to stimulate customers to generate interest in new products. Yeshin (2006), however, argues that premiums promotion may reduce the nourish of brand due to the possible hazard caused by the free gifts in the product contents. For example, in order to attract children, atrophied toys are often inserted into snakes as premiums, which are likely to have the controversy about food security, thereby resulting in brand crises. Nevertheless, premiums still contribute to expand new products awareness.Pride and Ferrell (2010) illustrates that the Promotion Marketing Association’s Product Sampling Council, according to an investigation, showed that 92%of participators in this survey indicated that free samples motivated their trials for new products. Besides, the free experience as a kind of impalpable gifts could allow customers experience multi-value such as relational, randy and behavioral value, which increases brand popularity and affinity. As a human face in point, the customers who buy the new item in Burger King could watch the latest Star Wars film for free (Yeshin 2006).Not only did the famous film expand the new item awareness, but also change magnitude customers’ affectio n for Burger King. In fact, the reason why premiums promotion has a great appeal to customers tends to be that it gets urinate of customers’ mentalities. According to the study by Yeshin (2006), customers commonly get used to regarding themselves as the weaker end of the deal, so the free products or services as the compensatory gifts can incentivize customers. Consequently, premiums as incentives can benefit to expand new products awareness in the introduction stage. 2. 2 Limited-time promotion for quick boost to salesA promotional deadline is set for customers to ensure that the passel of sales can be boosted as briefly as possible, which is called limited-time promotion (Reid and Bojanic 2010). The avail of limited-time discount lies in a short-term surge in sales, which enables companies to promptly grab market share in the growth phase. Limited-time discount seems to create a sense of excitement and competition and a tense atmosphere. customers tend to be attract ed by excitement that limited-time discount create. Or rather, what customers making love may not be products themselves but the sense of getting a good deal.Kolb (2005) also indicates that even the customers with high wages like to olfactory sensation that they are smart in this way. In addition, as this kind of discount is temporary, which will restore unfaltering prices soon, it creates a threat to customers, aiming at stimulating them to make adjacent purchase (Gaffney and Francis, 2009). Such a threat appears to take effect on rapidly increasing sales. According to Reid and Bojanic (2010), Marriott International, Hyatt Hotels and Resorts, and Hilton gave discounts to customers on weekends as so to quickly boost the volume of sale, which had gotten great success.Hence, if limited-time discount is used in the growth stage, market share can be quickly expanded by increasing sales in the short term. 2. 3 Loyalty cod for customer loyalty Loyalty card is used to earn points for purchasing certain products or obtain at certain retail merchants. When customers collect enough points, these can be exchanged for money, goods or other offers (Kotler and Armstrong 2001). angiotensin-converting enzyme of the main functions of loyalty card is to maintain the semipermanent birth between customers and brands. It motivates customers to keep buying products with mend brand, thus streng accordinglying customers’ brand loyalty.A study by Lancaster and Massingham (2011) shows that Tesco owed its success in becoming the largest grocery supermarket retailer in Britain to introduction of loyalty card, since loyalty card was used to reward regular purchase, thus enhancing consumer loyalty to Tesco. Furthermore, loyalty card is felt to be effective in analyzing purchasing behaviors of the existing customers and directing enterprises to make better the operation of businesses, which thus benefits to build long-lasting relationship with existing customers.As Humby, Hunt and Phillips (2007) conclude, shopping habits, brand preference and economic capability of certain customer groups can be analyzed through loyalty card data, which contribute to firms to arrange marketing strategy. As a matter of fact, most marketers concern about customer loyalty in the maturity stage in that galore(postnominal) competitive brands have piled into the market, which may return customers to switch other brands.Liljenwall(2004) points out that it is unenviable to be loyal for most products that customers purchase, even though many of them have brand preference for commodities. Indeed, they attempt to stress the best one by constantly changing brands. However, it seems that loyalty card reduces the risks of brand switching by offering discounts for regular purchases. When facing to different brands with same reference, customers usually would like to purchase fixed brand in return for discount. That is to say, loyalty card promotion can effectively maintain customer loyalty in the maturity stage.In conclusion, the three sales promotion tactics are effectively used to help companies to achieve the marketing targets in different phases: premiums promotion expands new products awareness in the introduction stage since this way could induce consumers to try out new items; limited-time promotion probably helps companies increase market share in the growth stage through boosting the volume of sales as soon as possible; loyalty card seems to be effective to maintain customer loyalty in the maturity stage because marketers would like to provide discount or gifts in return for regular purchase.Nonetheless, some potential risks may occur in the implementation. In order to maximize the effects of sales promotion on different phases of product life cycle, limitations and possible solutions of the three means of sales promotion will be discussed in the next main section. 3. Limitations and Possible Solutions 3. 1 Risks of premiums promotion There seems to be two limitations in premiums promotion. First, it is uncorrectable for marketers to ensure that premiums or free samples are lovable enough to their target customers (Ace 2002).In the introduction stage, new products usually need to be widely aware, so if premiums cannot arouse customers’ interest, marketers may lose chances to convince customers to try out their new products. Second, the cost of premiums and the value that customers perceive should be balanced. As Yeshin (2006) illustrates, the low-cost premiums may be comprehend as low quality, thus reducing the brand value of new products themselves, whereas free gifts with high quality often cost much.Hence, it is felt to be difficult for marketers to forecast the comprehend value of premiums and to ensure that premiums can enhance new products reputation. 3. 2 Risks of limited-time discount 2 possible limitations should be taken into account when limited-time discount is implemented. First, overusing limi ted-time discount probably shakes consumers’ decision for instant purchase in that they get used to waiting for discounts (Hendershot-Hurd 2007). As most customers are waiting for discount, it seems possible that the growth rate of sales becomes low in the growth stage.Second, if the time interval between the end of a limited-time discount and the start of the next limited-time discount is short, the perceived value of products may be decreased (Devlin, Ennew, McKechnie, and metalworker 2007). In other words, Customers may regard the promotional price as the actual value. As a result, once restoring the archetype price, products may become unacceptable. 3. 3 Risks of loyalty card promotion The security of individualised data caused by loyalty cards may lead to customer dissatisfaction (Janotta 2012).For example, customers probably regard loyalty cards as source of spamming, thereby refusing to use loyalty card; they may also feel that individual privacy is offended, which could directly decrease customer satisfaction and destroy customer loyalty; if rewards cannot fulfill customers, they are likely to lose interest in loyalty card. As Janotta (2012) concludes, loyalty card organization often disappoints consumers because of unattractive rewards, harsh requirements for exchange, and time and place limit. 3. 4 Possible solutionsWith regard to the limitations above, the possible solutions are proposed by Yeshin (2006) and Kotler and Armstrong (2001) as follow: * A elflike quantity of premiums should be first used at the beginning of introduction stage for market test, and a mass of premiums or free samples should be then used to expand new products popularity. * Time limited discount should be reasonably used and the promotion cycle should be identified by market investigation * Integrated promotion replacing hit promotion should be used to stimulate customers in the first three stages of product life cycle.These possible solutions enable companies t o reduce the risks in the implementation, thereby avoiding the inessential losses. All in all, the risks of sales promotions should be considered by marketers. First, low attractiveness and low perceived value of premiums could reduce the interest of customers in new products. Second, overutilization and short cycle of limited-time promotion tend to have companies to cut prices in that customers may overly pass on discount and reject to purchase at the original price.Third, the invasion of privacy caused by loyalty cards can result in lessen customer satisfaction since customers could feel to be offended. Furthermore, in terms of possible solutions, early market test on a small scale enables companies to adjust promotion strategies, appropriate promotion cycle probably stimulate customers to make instant purchase decision, and unified promotion mode could make better use of the advantages of sales promotion and compensate for the disadvantages of each other. demonstration Sal es promotion tactics seems to be of considerable importance in achieving different marketing targets.This paper analyzed the effectiveness of three sales promotion tactics according to the three marketing targets mentioned above. First, premiums could encourage customers to try out new products, which are advantageous to expand new products popularity in the introduction stage. Second, limited-time promotion is used to increase sales as sons as possible, eventually occupying more market share in the growth stage. Third, loyalty card has great advantage in keeping long-term relationship with existing customers, which could reduce the risk of brand switching in the maturity stage by rewarding regular purchase.Nevertheless, it seems to be inevitable that the three sales promotion strategies have limitations. First of all, the quality and attractiveness of free gifts may directly influence the perceived determine of new products. Furthermore, limited-time discount may stop products f rom restoring the original prices since customers prefer to wait for discounting. Finally, even if companies may obtain useful information about customers through analyses of loyalty card data, customer satisfaction is probably reduced due to the invasion of individual privacy.The possible solutions can be summarized as market test on a small scale, appropriate promotion cycle, and compound promotion mode, which could reduce the risks above and maximize the effects of sales promotion. In discussing process in premiums promotion, limited-time discount and loyalty card promotion, it was conclude that the three tactics of promotion can be effective to help companies achieve the marketing targets in the first three phases, based on a rich literature about sales promotion.However, it should be noted that a detailed analysis of other tactics of sales promotion realizing different marketing targets is not winding in this paper and future work could be done in this area. This would mainly focus on online marketing and could help marketers enhance the competitiveness of online marketing by appropriate strategies of sales promotion.References Ace, C. (2002) Effective promotional Planning for e-Business. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann Devlin, J. , Ennew, C. ,McKechnie, S. , and Smith, A. (2007) ‘A study of time limited price promotions’. Journal of Product & Brand Management 16 (4), 280 †285 Gaffney, S. and Francis, C. 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