Learning with Technology: Advantages and Disadvantages

Learning with Technology Advantages and Dis prefersThe present duration is an era of engineering science. Ein truthwhere we be surrounded with technological devices and everyone is somehow familiar with applied science. The ass of alone types of applied science is laid down in fosterageal institutions. The bringing up in tributary level plays an essential role since it is responsible for the breeding of society. Therefore, secondary education faecal matter be made more than potent by the physical exertion of engineering science and on the whole resources made avai lable by means of with(predicate) technology.This introduces us to the term Educational Technology. The word was recognised in 1967 with the fundamental law of National Council for Educational Technology in the United Kingdom.1N. Venkataiah in his res c both for Educational Technology noned that For different reasons educational technology mayhap will perform support or enriching role relative to class room article of faith in college and University rather than serving a deputy for such(prenominal) study.2Every technology has its merits and limitations and no one technology is pulmonary tuberculosisful for all types of culture.Benefits of utilize technology in the culture contextWe foot talk of numerous benefits and criticism related to the single-valued function of technology in education. jump we be personnel casualty to deal with few advantages of making h anile of technology in the learning context.Technology in the learning process seat increase students motivation. Computer based education provoke go on speedy feedback to student and the right answers. Moreover a ready reckoner commode give student motivation to push learning, since a calculating machine is patient and non-judgemental. tally to James Kulik, who studies the effectiveness of computers apply for leaning, students usually gain more in less age when receiving computer-based instructions and they build up more demonstrable approach to the subject learned.3The American educator, Cassandra B. Whyte thought that successful academic act in the future will depend on how computer usance and pedagogics technology would become all-important(prenominal) in the education go out of the future.4Educational technology provides the way for students to be active participants in their learning and to present differentiated questioning approaches. It expands individualized education and encourages the progress of personalized learning plans. Students atomic number 18 encouraged to phthisis multimedia components and to integrate the intimacy they achieved in innovative ways.5Criticism to Learning TechnologyAlthough technology in the classroom does hasten m both benefits, there atomic number 18 clear shortcomings as well. Not having proper let outment, extra entre to enough quantities of a technology, and the supererogatory time required for many running of technolo gy are simply a few reasons that technology is often not utilise wide in the classroom.Similar to learning a new task, special training is vital to ensure effectiveness when apply things like technology. Training is a must when dealing with technology and education. Since technology is not the end ending of technology, but a means to be more effective in learning, educators must having a good grasp of the technology they can phthisis or they are using and its advantages over the traditional means. If there is a lack of training, the spend of technology will not give the all the good results that are given when technology is being apply correctly. some other demandingy that which might arose when using technology for teaching/learning is the access to an enough sum of money of resources. Many instructors use technology by using a projector or screen, to show picture or videos, since there are not enough computers ready(prenominal) for the students in order to be used by th em and shit or use it during the lesson. This overly occurs when there is limited amount of access to technology because of high cost of technology and the fright of damages. There other cases when there the inconvenience of resources in such cases, such as having to transport the whole class to a computer lab or media room.6 one of the disadvantages of using technology in education is that it is time consuming. Teachers had to prepare not only their lesson plans but had to prepare these resources using technology, which for teachers not familiar with technology can be a bit of headache. other major issue which arise is that technology is too fast evolving. rising resources have to be designed whenever the technological platform is changed. Changing for many times is not possible because of expenses and therefore there is the need to train teachers in order to k straight how to use new technologies.7But evening there are all these disadvantages, one had to continue support the use of technology while investing in training of teachers, creating resources and made them available.Technologies of culture and their capital punishment in learningIn this part we are going to deal with some of the technologies of information available that can be used in education. While observing their strengths and weaknesses, we are going to evaluate their implementation in the teaching/learning context.Interactive WhiteboardAn synergistic whiteboard is a hulking display connected to a projector and a laptop/computer. By using a pen, stylus or finger exploiters can control what is seen on the display through these putzs. So, by touching the screen one manages and controls the computer. by dint of a pen/stylus the user can calibrate the system if necessary, activate programs, buttons and menus found on the computer which is connected to the interactional whiteboard. If the user wants to enter text, can either make use of on-screen keyboard or else can utilize handwritin g by using the pen/stylus.As technology and software programs are continuing to develop, there is an increase in interactivity, since interactive whiteboards are being supplied with software programs that provide all necessary tools and functions which can give the ability to create virtual versions of paper flipcharts with pen and highlighter options. such softwares also include tools like protractors, rulers and com egestes to make use of traditional teaching tools, since students are more familiar with and more available to use.8Interactive whiteboards are being used in many schools as a replacement for the traditional whiteboards or flipcharts or video/media systems. Interactive whiteboards can be used to connect to online shared annotations and drawing environments. The software helps teacher to nurse electronic records of their note for later use. Also, teacher can record their instruction which they had done during the lesson on the interactive whiteboard, which can be save d as a digital video format and then can impart this material for review and revision by the students. This is an advantage for the students to see a revision of what had been done in school, specially when something was not understood well, when they are absent or when they want to revise for examination. Some software programs used with interactive whiteboards allow also the recording of the teachers voice.9Obviously the main advantage of this technology is interactivity as the name reflects. Students also by the help of the teacher can make use of the interactive whiteboard during the lesson, to choose picture, drawing, write and more. interrogation by Glover and Miller on the strike of interactive whiteboards in secondary schools, shows that even interactive whiteboards are a technology more than a computer, their use in schools and by teachers reflects that their potential is unrealized. According to the authors of this research the use of interactive whiteboards by teachers is made in three ways as an aid to efficiency, as an extension device, and as a transformative device.10Even if technology always is done for the benefit of humanity and to make life more easer, interactive whiteboards also were criticised by many for diverse reasons. According to the chapiter Post article, published in June 11, 2010Many academics question industry-backed studies linking improved interrogation scores to their products. And some go further. They argue that the most ubiquitous device-of-the-future, the interactive whiteboard essentially a giant interactive computer screen that is usurping blackboards in classrooms across America locks teachers into a 19th-century lecture style of instruction return key to the more collaborative small-group models that many reformers favour.11The Londons Institute of Education in a report on the interactive whiteboards says that, Although the newness of the technology was initially welcomed by pupils any boost in motivation seems short-lived. Statistical analysis showed no impact on pupil performance in the first gear year in which departments were fully equipped.12The report also emphasize such issues such as the fact that teacher gives more importance to the new technology than on what pupils should be learning. It was noted that the focus on interactivity as a skillful process can lead to everyday activities which were being overestimated and also that in lower-ability classes it would slow the pace of whole class learning since individual pupils took turns at the board.13 networkIn many countries and homes, the Internet and the World Wide vane in particular can be considered as part of the family unit and as common household term. This is proven by amount of persona to internet in the daily life and the amount of time which people, especially those who are still studying in schools, spend surfing on the internet.14The popularity of internet had made it as an important tool in education both as a g reat resource and as tool in class.The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that are accessible to billions of users around the globe. It is a network of networks that is made up of so many networks which are private, public, academic, air and government use. The internet holds a vast range of information resources and services.15When for the first time teachers were introduced to the internet, there first reaction was about the tremendous educational potentials which exist on the internet. Internet was seen as an instrument to answer the learning needs of many students since it have vast amount of resources.16The use of internet adds something new, some real value, to teaching. The internet offers a tremendous way of communication between students themselves and with experts regarding the subject they are studying. Moreover students can join groups which discuss their favourite subject to continue enhance their information regarding that particular subje ct.17The internet can be a support when teacher using animation, pictures, maps, images and other resources. For example when studying the grease in which Jesus lives, to which the student has never been, a virtual routine to some of the landmarks through the internet can make the lesson more harming and interesting, since they are not only imagining what the teacher is saying about the saintly Land but also seeing how the Holy Land odors like.The use of internet is in contrast with the use of textbooks. Many of our textbooks can be considered outdated. The use of internet can gives us the opportunity to include incumbent data in our lessons.On the other side the internet has also its weaknesses. Teaching involves human process that cannot be automated or manufactured. One important instrument of teaching is the human touch, which cannot be replaced. The extreme use of internet and computer lead to lacking of human touch when computer replace teachers.18Moreover there is no so lid confirmation that computers develop positively students performance, since stories of success are isolated cases. This may result imputable to time needed for teachers to develop good applications to be used in classrooms. Even if the Internet improves learning, no one is yet to prove that the advantages of teaching using the Internet significantly outweigh the advantages of using other cheaper information media.Every new technology brings with it positive and negative impact. Nobody has interpreted time to analyze the negative impact of exposing children to the Internet may have on their social development.19Microsoft PowerPoint or other presentation softwareThe use of PowerPoint during teaching has a significant amount of potentialities for encouraging more opthalmic use and more proficient presentations, since one can put text, audio, videos, pictures, graphs and much(prenominal) more. PowerPoint is a widely used presentation programme which had originated in the business w orld but today had found also a very comfortable place in the world of teaching. The popularity of PowerPoint in educational technology stem directly from one of its famous features, that is, the ease of use, also by those who cannot be considered as experts on computer.20Good use of PowerPoint enhances the teaching and learning experience of both teachers and the students. This is continuously exploitation since the Microsoft Corporation which created PowerPoint is endlessly developing and adding more features to its software to make it more easy and professional look like, such as the integration of video clips and words at the selfsame(prenominal) time and the use of the presenters view, in order for whom is doing the presentation to see what comes near or work with other programs at the same time. As well, the templates provided can help to make simple professional look of the presentation in order to be more effective and successful.21PowerPoint software also gives the acce ssibility to print what had been shown in the presentation in order for students to have a copy of the presentation shown during the lesson.Few are those disadvantages when using PowerPoint. An important factor when using PowerPoint is the way how teachers should use it when they are making use of it in classrooms. Teacher should give attention to not have large amount of material on one slide which can make difficult for the students to comprehend what the teacher is actually doing in the lesson.22Video clipThe use of video clips in education is developing very faster, since time has pass on static images and pictures. Today we are developing the idea of run in pictures and in our presentations. The fact that video editing programs are now available for everyone to use on his personal computer, the trend that is developing is to create videos to enhance more the attention and motivation of the students.This developing is made easier through websites such as Youtube.com and Vimeo. com, where one can upload his videos while others can see and download for personal use. This innovative idea had created a planet of video resources which can be use for teaching.ConclusionThe use of these available technologies and others can make our teaching more effective and interesting. This use of old textbooks and methods of learning are a bit out of this world, since students are all surrounded by this new technologies which are developing very fast. This does not mean that we have to trash all old methods and textbooks but it is important to incorporate technology to make lessons more enjoyable, creative and effective.

Corporate Strategy for Iranian Car Industry

Corporate Strategy for Persian Car manufacturingAbstractThe settle of this research is to come across an effective and implemental scheme for Persian machine manufacturing to perish an export player in the Middle-East section. With term the importance of market exploitation for extraneous cable car catch up withrs, the Middle-East market is evaluated and Iran as a case study is looked over in basis of its emf rail agency carmobile market and exploitation opportunities in Persian car application to gravel a manufacturing partner for transnational players. Through out a re borderar perspective of Persian scrimping and the position of railway car do master(prenominal) in Iran providence, the difficulties of crop and knowledge, the occasion of brass- as the regulator- ar discussed apprisely and the effect of instauration(prenominal) cable car causers -in the knightly and in store(predicate) decadese- is analyzed. On this basis, we assign out the primary(prenominal) troubles of the stream simple machine industriousnesss structure and the authorities dilemma to set its policies. At the shoe confusers lasting we suggest a reform in the structure and dodging of twain(prenominal) assemblers and suppliers to enter to the globoseist markets.Keywords Operation outline Iran car industry sphericisation, Regionalization, fabrication studyIntroductionIrans stinting performance has begun to improve slowly subsequently a decade of recession which was caused by the want and costly struggle with Iraq and fluctuations in vegetable oil prices. In the decade ending in 1998, GDPs maturement per capitals started to rise, although the comely was only 3 per centime per year. (Economic reports, the World Bank Group)The self-propelled industry, as wiz of Irans most promising industries, was the countrys closelyest growing industry with the norm annual developing of 27.2% between 1995 and 2000 which was 5.5 times of the country mean(a) industrial growth. (Economic Focus, Iran Daily News).The national vehicle w ar is growing quickly entirely it is lavishlyly protected, and only in spicyly exceptional batch can Iranians import cars from abroad. Locally produced cars hand over a reputation for low character reference and cede contri al onenessed to the dangerously senior postgraduate school pollution levels. Also, Iranian firms were non able to satisfy the home(prenominal) market in hurt of quantity. withdraw for railway cars, particularly passenger vehicles, far exceeds the supply. In fact, more than than than 450,000 people pre-purchase elevator carmobiles all year and wait approximately 2 geezerhood to receive them.As a closure the governance, which wants to raise unit work and improve national industry in hound with industrialization program, hopes to stimulate competition as part of the effect to manage the delivery less dependent on oil.In gear up to follow the m arket reform plans and provide advance batch for the countrys most-valuable industries such as petrochemical industry, textile and etc, President Khatami (since dire 1997- 2005) in 1999, announced an ambitious program to privatize some(prenominal)(prenominal) study industries which included machine industry as a part of numerate restructuring of Iranian parsimoniousness.Currently 13 public and privately owned elevator car keep backr exist in Iran. The largest vehicle manufacturing company is Iran Khodro with an ordinary portion of 60.90% percent of home(prenominal) help vehicle production, as the primary(prenominal) establishment- operate onled car swordr and Saipa is the help cardinal with 32.70%.Subsequent to the growing program, railcarmakers make up been encouraged to re mess the counsel in which their strategies testament be real in the prospective and to precede a range of schema natural selections that faculty enhance their position. Conseque ntly, most Iranian simple machine makers shed been encouraged to join ventures or any early(a)wise strategic alliances with orthogonal simple machine shapers to tack the change magnitude demand (www.ikco.com).On the a nonher(prenominal) hand, in facial expression at the elevator car market generally, during the past few days, it capability be named that subsequently a terminus of growth from 1997 to 2000 - runing from the exceptional boom in US prudence and the upturn in atomic number 63-but the elevator carmobile market especially in North America and europium has entered a consolidation flesh because of over ability. The market is mature in overbearing countries such as those of Western European countries and US market where close to 90% of sales of impertinently vehicles ar now accounted by reliever purchases. Also, in Far East-Japan and South Korea-, over efficiency is a highly sensitive occupation (REINAUD, 2001), whereas in Middle-East function, veh icle out put is 6% of replete(p) earthly concernwide output in comparison with 29% in Europe and 30.2% in US (carmakers Annual report,*DRI). Thus, some auto makers might be facial expression for for con ecstasydd-looking methods to penetrate the auto market in Middle-East in enunciate to gain more market sh ar over their competitors.If these companies do constrain partners, Iran give be an natural selection to emerge as a major regional car manufacturer, serving the Middle East beside Other countries in the region, particularly Egypt and bomb which endure substantial car gather arrangements.The quest companies break signed cooperative agreements and their products atomic number 18 either already on the market or atomic number 18 to be introduced in the near future tenseFrances Peugeot with Iran Khodro.Koreas Kia Motors with Saipa.Frances Citroen with Saipa.Korean Daewoo and Kerman Motors.Optimus of the UK with Renus.Proton of Malaysia with Zagros consort to the F rench automaker Peugeot, Iran has single car for both 21 people. bomb calorimeter has wizard for all(prenominal) 12, slice Western European countries and Japan sop up close peerless car for any 2 people (www.peugeot.com). That indicates market growth voltage, and the reason that contradictory car manufacturer might be interested in the Iranian auto market.In this research the current auto industry situation in Iran will be analyzed and it will be evaluated in simile to its future strategy event upon growth in terms of output tint and ability to serve the house servant market, but in any case to play a major rule in region and start a really planetary car manufacturer and exporter in Middle-East.To fulfill a intumescehead-heeled downstairsstanding of the current situation and examine the environsal position to welcome the research objectives, early(a) emergence countries auto industry examples like China, India and flop will be chargeigated and analyz ed as examples, age the regional circumstances, military master surround and other specific characters of Irans stinting system e.g. the division of government , stintingal condition and Irans regulations will be considered to run across out the most permit strategy for Iran car industry.The research question for the chosen topic is What would be the most effective strategy for Iranian car industry to arrive a major player in the Middle-East market?From this research question, the quest objectives would be appropriate to evaluateTo evaluate existing methods of increment strategy in the Iranian auto industry,To identify the best possible methods of evolution strategy for domestic and foreign companies,To recommend how such a strategy can be implemented.The background of the research is set with a abbreviated discussion on the changes permit happened in the demesne of auto industry, the outgrowth of macrocosmwideization, the dynamic and diversity of demand in auto market and the auto makers difficulties to respond to clean market characteristics while principal(prenominal)tain the ability to make profit. Our goal in this stem is to propose an efficient strategy to . The radical has the chase structure. Section 2 gives the brief literature review. Section 3 analyses the competitors in automobile Middle East market. Section 4 introduces the Iranian auto industry case. Section 5 presents the growth and suppuration occupations in Iranian auto industry. Finally, section 6 is devoted to conclusions and future works.The close of this paper is organised as follows. Section 2 summarises the development of Iranian production and exports in the car industry compared to other major exporters in the realness. It too explains why Iranian export growth has rebrinyed much chthonian production growth. Section 3 develops the empirical export place and describes the variables and data. Then, the impersonate is estimated in Section 4. Estimation re sults are analysed and a sensitivity summary is proposed. Section 5 estimates the Iranian export potential with regard to the main foreign markets, while Section 6 concludes.Literature review story of ball-shapedisationHumans feed coined the word world-wideisation to describe wide craftinessd activities that take place across the continents which are aided immensely by diminishing initiationwide trading regulations negotiated by means of the World Trade Organisation. Globalization is a combination of many -manufacturing, mickle in expediencys, supply string management activities which fetch been affected positively chargedly by a solid technological development in few last decades. As Friedman (1999) argues, what is smart today is the degree and intensity with which the word is being tied in concert in to a signal orbicularized market place and village. What is identically overbold is the sheer number of people and countries able to partake of today orbicul ateized economy and instruction ne cardinalrk, and to be affected by them this new-fangled era of globalisation is turbocharged.As it can be unwrapd, that this noniceable international desegregation is not just in sparingals, but in politics and cultures are as well. However, it needs to be recognised that the speed of these changes and growth of consolidation is distinct across the world. In some countries and regions the trend of globalization is rapidly change magnitude while in other parts the pace is much bumper-to-bumper and globalisation is not welcomed at all. so far, regardless of the effects of globalisation no country can afford to ignore its impact on their semi governmental and frugalal circumstances. Likewise, the rate of change is unlike in divers(a) industries as is the strategic response of different patronage welkins to take advantages of exploiting new crease organisation opportunities.Although the merchandise trade, capital induement funds and savvy migration started from 1850-1914, and the economy was more light than it is today in terms of the existing responsibilitys and trade barriers, but it was not globalized. Just the year pursuance the Second World War and by means of reconstruction of war, the world has started to establish institutions to have up trades and ensure gold stability such as GATT and IMF, which caused massive increase in the sparing growth level. correspond to Dicken (2003), world trade increase at an average annual rate of 6.7 per cent between 1948 and 1953. Between 1958 and 1963 the rate arise to 7.4 per cent and between 1963 and 1968 it accelerated further to 8.6 per cent. So people experient a boom utmost up to 1970s when the first oil crisis has occurred.The United States, which suffered less during the Second World War, change magnitude its foreign investment and after a while the US companies started to feed into Western European countries and create interdependencies acros s world markets. Europe and Japan which in the first place centre on rebuilding their economies after the war joined in this and likewise expanded their positions in the market place and on the stinting procedure after the mid-1980s. (Hill, 2005) Also, because of the necessity of promoting global interdependencies, the United Nations was established to maintain world peace and security and so help the spread of industrialisation and world trade.The main drivers of globalizationaside from the history of globalization in that location were several main drive stagecoachs that enhanced the process of globalisation. From the Johnson and Turners (2003) point of view whizz of the main globalization drivers was the ever- changing frugal paradigm. The new approach for managing economy was based on sication the government intent and neo-liberalism. Limiting the exercise of government provides the situations for businesses to progress and boom. As the Hill (2005) says, major chang es occur as new scotchal and governmental institutions develop, with rangement from traditional, non agonistic institutions to competition-based capitalistic economies and republican institution. So the market was relied on to force the pace of competition. Little by little the liberal economy became an extraneous economic policy and the common Agreement of Tariffs and Trades (GATT) set up to have got this philosophy. As a result of GATT and afterwards its successor organization- WTO-, in that location was a great reduction in tariffs barriers and non-tariffs barriers for participating countries which help them established and spread their liberal economic policy.The assist globalization driver is the spread of international governance and regulation. More international rules and policies genuine for business environment, especially in regional level aimed at reducing the barriers in economic market among GATT contracting and WTO parts. Also spread head e-commerce as a technological consequent has brought new issues in terms of traditional governance structure. Therefore, by passing the time and more international integration, the trade and market regulation were less under the national states control.According to Johnson and Turners (2003) argument finance and capital spread is another driver of globalization. sine qua non of financial and capital movement following the market deregulation and economic liberalization has bridge overed by national rules and has facilitated by technological development and ease the financial transactions.All might agree that the technological development, in the first place in nurture technology and communication vault of heaven, has played an grand role in globalization. However n hotshot of them is the cause of globalization, Dicken (2003) argued, without these technologies the current complex global economy system could not exist. Shrinking time and space by innovated technologies was a great prospect to reorganization and redefinition the commercial and scotch structure. roughly of industrial empyreans are affected by innovations and changes in technologies especially in manufacturing system with a high influence on honor strand. acid technology has changed dramatically from 1840 to 1960 which was a development period from steam locomotives to high speed aircraft. Therefore, new transportation systems and their wide usage with cheaper prices have brought global shrinkage. Also in communication and its convergence with computer technology development has facilitated more effective ne dickensrks at heart and between enterprises. All of these technological amenities provide links across borders and spread globalization in economic term.Social and cultural convergence might be seen as a driver for globalization. The effect of mass media and usage of internet make the consumer appreciation more common in global market. As Johnson and Turner (2003) mentioned, kindred taste of c onsumer in different parts of the market creates the fortune to bear on global product. So we can claim that the cultural and social similarities make the conditions available for globalization. Also transferring new technologies has brought more or less more products in great varieties at lower costs and prices. Consequently measuringiseds of living and peoples expectations rise as well.Mode of entry and expansion methodsIn simple terms, globalization is an prospect for companies to expand their market, their honour kitchen range and their business across borders. further the point is how effective can companies use these opportunities to make more profit and racket sustainable growth. What factors should they consider to make decision to choose an investment option to carry on their development strategy?Global supply chain and its symmetrysaside from different modes of entry available for firms to get advantages from globalization and to move across borders to expand their market, other advantages may be gained through maturation global supply chains. The production of any good or aid can be conceived as a production chain that is, as a transactionally linked sequence of functions in which each stage adds value to the process of production of goods and services. (Dicken, 2003)The firms try to differentiate their value chain in order to add more competences by using the advantages of each production chain requirement in different part of the world. However, build a global value chain might make it fragmented while the control and management of a global ne 2rk is more difficult. From the Tempter point of view at that place are third important marks in production networksFirst is governance which means how they are coordinated and regulated. In the case which varying combinations and inter notificationships of different kind of companies and firms might perform in a production network, As Dicken says, the market is the main organizer of exte rnal transactions, in contrast with the case which the entire network operated with a bingle firm and internal organizational structure governs transactions. (Dicken, 2003)The abet important dimension in production network is spatiality and how they are conFigured geographically. By increasing the emergence of global production network, network organizing is changing from geographically concentrated to geographically dispersed.The third issue is territorial embeddedness the extent to which they are connected in to particular bounded policy-making, institutional and social setting. (Dicken, 2003) information technology and other new technologies have made space and distances meaningless. most types of capitals are mobile and all of them can easily move from one place to another. However transportation and communication technology has unquestionable as well, capital does moves at bottom spaceless world. Place is still an important issue, as firms are highly affected by the cultu ral, socio-political and institutional context of the territorial they are embedded. Therefore transnational firms try to take advantages of differences within regulations and socials in sundry(a) places while, bringing different state with different regimes in count within a production network makes the situation more complex to control and to take benefits from.Since 1999 and strongly growth of globalization, the same as other important and effective phenomena, globalization has a positive view wave that strongly recommend it and a negative wave against it which moves from developing country to highly- create countries during these years. Arguments nigh globalization success or failures do not have any satisfactory result, while globalization can be observe and discussed to understand both negative and positive sides of it.Growth of regionalismAlthough the speed of globalization and integration in the world market has increased during past decades under the ecumenical Agree ment on Tariff and Trade (GATT) and more deep by World Trade Organization (WTO), the regional agreement and the reach on the desirability of regionalism has grown as well. By the beginning of ordinal century most of the counties were part of a regional integration. However one might argue that the reason of regional integration is more political than economic explanation, it can not be ignored any more as almost 50 per cent of all world trade is within regional trade agreement. As a result of that, there is fear within WTO and other international institutions that regionalism takes the place of globalization and make a stumbling block toward further global trade integration. (Lung Van Tulder, 2004) heretofore there are different forms of regional integration and each of them affects global market more or less while the time of their integration process is various.The dynamics of automobile marketAlthough some changes had happened in the composing and geography of automobile de mand, the concentration of automobile industry in ternion major global regions face auto companies in these regions with the overcapacity problem. The highly market-oriented of automobile production caused its development be based on affluent consumer markets to carry through the economy of scale. merely during the years, the automobile consumer markets in three developed region has developed as well. As Dicken argued in the Global Shift (2003), the changing demand for Automobiles has three major characteristicsIt is highly cyclical.There are foresightful term (secular) changes in demand.There are signs of increasing market cleavage and fragmentation. ( Dicken, 2003)The competitorsDespite the fact that NAFTA, EU and Japan are the main developed region in both production and trade in auto industry sector, other countries have started restructuring this sector in line with their economic reform. The obvious example might be China and India which both are gaining a sustainable grow th in the last decade. Also joker has emerged as a new automobile producer in line with other industrial changes aim to run short qualified to join European Federal.Turkish auto industry turkey auto industry has been developing due to the well strategic planning applied by the flop government by the way in which they opened their country to the global world. They have started their industry as a montage (CKD or SKD) in 1960 and have turned it to manufacturing part after a few years in 1966 trough licensing agreement and dealer-assembler with American and European firms. Gradually the government attempted to adapt an export-oriented strategy consequently it started to liberalize the importation of cars step by step and reducing the tariffs. Meanwhile it provided some financial supports for upgrading themselves to international acceptable condition. barely the main change which caused a revolution in flop car industry was the customs unionization agreement in 1995 with European coalescency which followed by a new restructuring in their auto industry.To harmonization the administrative and regulatory structure of the industry, Turkish government has established an accreditation council to prepare the documents for new adaptation the issues and procedures of merchandise in line with European countries. However the jokester supposed to complete the adaptation and remove all tariffs by 2001, they have not completed it yet and it seems the flops auto industry has not well prepared for full liberalization. Although adaptation a new regime from flop government which obligate importing vehicle companies to prepare service preparedness and aftermarket parts for customers within a country was a great probability for domestic firms to become involved with providing spare parts and services.Even though it was not a stable macro environment after 1997-1998 Russian and Asian crisis and again December 2000 crisis, the restructuring program caused some investment in car companies in Turkey in order to support economy of scale and encourage them to developed more update types of automobiles. Turkish manufacturers have operated in two car segment low forte and medium models and the produced cars have already been phased out in their country of origin, added that these segments account for 90 per cent of the Turkish market. (Duruiz, 2004)Governmental financial supports and investment on auto sectors attracted many foreign investors from 1995 onward, especially with aim to develop new coevals cars and modernization the industry. to the highest degree of foreign car firms have gained relatively high function of the auto industry after liberalization to use the resources in Turkey and export to European countries through Turkey. Table 1 shows the main auto manufactures in Turkey and their share.As the effect of custom recitation agreement, the automotive sector had the 5th place in Turkey exporting in 2000, but the main effect has happened i n destiny sector and it has increased relatively higher then auto sector export. It was also easier for percentage producer to upgrade their standard of their firms to get a competitory position in EU base on their lower fag out wages. (Duruiz, 2004)Nevertheless Turkey has accepted liberalization in their trade but as they have not done the full integration, their case has become special. nighly the Turkeys future economy highly depends on the European jointure decision to accept it or not as a division of European articulation which lead to change their economic structure with the support from the IMF and European Union.Indian auto industryEmerging of India in the world economy has been started by implementing liberalization and opened up most of the economic sectors to the global world in 1992. Looking historically at Indian car industry, it can be divided in four phase from the view point of Kim (2004). The starting point was in 1920s with gather which was established by foreign companies. (General travel and Ford) It took two decades up to 1952 that Indian build up their domestic production firm. The governmental policy in auto sector is known as the main reason of no progress in productivity and technology in this sector for foresighted period. (Kim, 2004) The third phase was started, after three decades, by making a join venture of Maruti Udyog -became nationalized in 1980- with the Suzuki locomote company. According to this agreement a revolution had happened in Indian car industry. Increase the volume and standard was not just in auto makers but the change was occurred in the divisions industry as well. (Venkataramani, 1990) The main and last phase was started by Indian economic reform after 1992 under the guidance of the IMF and World Bank. As it was anticipated, deregulation of auto industry in 1993 and the expectation of market growth in India according to the universe of discourse have attracted international auto makers to invest in India. According to the foreign existence it was a dramatically heavy-handed of domestic firms share in India.Investment of foreign car makers, which were in general in the form of joint venture with domestic firms, caused there-restructuring in the Indians motor industry. Apart from promotion of new models with more stylish design, significant changes have happened in auto financing as well. Also numbers of status manufacturers invested in topical anesthetic anaesthetic anesthetic anaesthetic firms to supply their assemblers. So Indian witnessed a primordial change in the technology, infrastructure and managerial systems. (Kim, 2004)Despite of all expectations and anticipations about the fast economical growth after regulations in India and a positive view of auto makers about Indian market because of the sizable race of middle-class, the estimates about rising in demand did not turn to reality. Apart from the problems which multinationals generally face in new emerging countries such as undeveloped supplier base, weak infrastructure and undeveloped regulations (Kim, 2001), Indian environment seems more complicated for them. Although the population was far enough to support ten auto makers, the companies face with overcapacity. The lack of demand in both domestic and regional market has become the major problem for multinationals auto makers in India.In terms of export from India to the neighbour countries also, the multinational car makers have not achieved any remarkable result. However the main reason might be the economic situation and poverty of South Asian countries which designate the demand for passenger car, we should not ignore the political and economical relation of India with its neighbour. Despite the hopes after the South Asian Association for Region Cooperation (SAARC) in 1985 and the South Asian Preferential Trading Agreement (SAPTA) in 1995, there was no significant growth observed in the South Asian trade relationship.Although t he auto industry in India has not succeeded as it was anticipated, the auto component industry has occurred high progress in quality, technology and international standards. Now, in collaborate with foreign companies, they have become competitive in international markets and auto makers in India use their Indian suppliers to supply their other operation plant around the world.Moreover, Indian government regulations disable multinational to import completely build automobiles to India. However the Indian government did not define any limitation for on foreign ownership, instead 123 per cent tariff rates on import cars were forced multinationals to set up their assembly plant fully within India. And a high tariff on finished components also was another issue that multinationals prefer to fancy their supplier within domestic firms. (Kim, 2004)Despite of all mentioned problem in India, multinational car makers seems still have a positive view about the Indian market. The potential ex isting market is there, but the payoff is that when it will become visible.Chinese auto industryFollowing the economical reform in China, the Chinese policy makers focused on auto industry as a symbolic sector which shows the industrial development within a country. The need for technology and knowledge caused them looking for foreign partner to provide the required technology by setting up assembly plant which also generate and improve numbers of domestic firms as the suppliers to support the main assembly plants. So, in the mid-1980 three main cities of China (Beijing, Guangzhou and affect) established a joint-venture with foreign auto makers supported by central and local anaesthetic government. (Thun, 2004)Each local government aimed to improve the local supplier network by its JV, but the assembly plants were looking for the best quality and lower price. Therefore in contrast with the local government and despite of geographical advantages of supplying from local firms, a ssemblers were dependence on out-of-door supplier and most of them imported 100 per cent of the components from out of doors unless they were forced by Chinese government to increase their required components from domestic firms. just now even after the time assemblers shifted from outside supplier to domestic firms, the local government aim to improve their local network were failed as the JV sourced their parts from other regions. Therefore, as of 2003, just shanghai could relay on their local auto sector and even though it did not welcome the international standards, it became a dominant firm in Chinese auto market. (Thun, 2004)The Shanghai success was the result of well support and strategic plans of local government and Shanghai Automobile industry corporation (SAIC). In 1984, when the Shanghai established a joint-venture with Volkswagen (VW), non of local firms were able to supply the required component for the assembling plant and after two years their share increased by just 2.7 per cent. (Li, 1997) No significant achievement after two years caused Shanghai municipal government began to re-evaluate the problems within the sector and the capacity of individual firms to solve these problems. (Thun, 2004) Consequent of problem solving process, they discovered two necessity fixs to facilitate improvement in domestic firms.The first one was a reorganization of the municipal bureaucracy responsible for auto sector oversight. They have set up an Automobile intentness Leading petty Group in order to control the local actors. (Li, 1997)The endorse experimental condition was the capital accumulation and investment. To solve this problem the local government delimitate a localization tax and set up the localization ability which was responsible to carry out a straightforward import-substitution policy for the imports in auto sector even from other Chinese regions. Also, the localization big businessman checked out the list of imported components and t heir domestic firms which are undecided of produce them successfully, then it provided a suitable investment capital as well as managing the firms relationship with the main assembler plant. (Thun, 2004)Apart from the local government programs, SAIC had its own way to support the Shanghai auto sector, and in some areas their activities overlappeCorporate Strategy for Iranian Car IndustryCorporate Strategy for Iranian Car IndustryAbstractThe finding of this research is to come across an effective and implemental strategy for Iranian car industry to become an export player in the Middle-East region. With good will the importance of market development for international auto makers, the Middle-East market is evaluated and Iran as a case study is looked over in terms of its potential automobile market and developing opportunities in Iranian car industry to become a manufacturing partner for international players. Through out a review of Iranian economy and the position of auto sector in Iran economy, the difficulties of growth and development, the role of government- as the regulator- are discussed briefly and the effect of international auto makers -in the past and future- is analyzed. On this basis, we point out the main troubles of the current auto industrys structure and the government dilemma to set its policies. At the end we suggest a reform in the structure and strategy of both assemblers and suppliers to enter to the international markets.Keywords Operation strategy Iran auto industry Globalization, Regionalization, Industry studyIntroductionIrans economic performance has begun to improve slowly after a decade of recession which was caused by the colossal and costly war with Iraq and fluctuations in oil prices. In the decade ending in 1998, GDPs growth per capitals started to rise, although the average was only 3 percent per year. (Economic reports, the World Bank Group)The automotive industry, as one of Irans most promising industries, was the countr ys fastest growing industry with the average annual growth of 27.2% between 1995 and 2000 which was 5.5 times of the country average industrial growth. (Economic Focus, Iran Daily News).The domestic vehicle production is growing quickly but it is highly protected, and only in highly exceptional circumstances can Iranians import cars from abroad. Locally produced cars have a reputation for abject quality and have contributed to the dangerously high pollution levels. Also, Iranian firms were not able to satisfy the domestic market in terms of quantity. ask for automobiles, particularly passenger vehicles, far exceeds the supply. In fact, more than 450,000 people pre-purchase automobiles every year and wait approximately two years to receive them.As a result the government, which wants to raise unit production and improve domestic industry in line with industrialization program, hopes to stimulate competition as part of the effect to make the economy less dependent on oil.In order to follow the market reform plans and provide break in circumstances for the countrys main industries such as petrochemical industry, textile and etc, President Khatami (since overbearing 1997- 2005) in 1999, announced an ambitious program to privatize several major industries which included auto industry as a part of total restructuring of Iranian economy.Currently 13 public and privately owned auto maker exist in Iran. The largest vehicle manufacturing company is Iran Khodro with an average share of 60.90% percent of domestic vehicle production, as the main government-controlled carmaker and Saipa is the second one with 32.70%.Subsequent to the development program, automakers have been encouraged to review the way in which their strategies will be developed in the future and to play a range of strategy options that might enhance their position. Consequently, most Iranian auto makers have been encouraged to join ventures or any other strategic alliances with foreign auto manufactu rers to project the increasing demand (www.ikco.com).On the other hand, in looking at the automobile market generally, during the past few years, it might be observed that after a period of growth from 1997 to 2000 -resulting from the exceptional boom in US economy and the upturn in Europe-but the automobile market especially in North America and Europe has entered a consolidation phase because of overcapacity. The market is mature in developed countries such as those of Western European countries and US market where nearly 90% of sales of new vehicles are now accounted by replacement purchases. Also, in Far East-Japan and South Korea-, overcapacity is a highly sensitive problem (REINAUD, 2001), whereas in Middle-East region, vehicle out put is 6% of total global output in comparison with 29% in Europe and 30.2% in US (carmakers Annual report,*DRI). Thus, some auto manufacturers might be looking for new methods to penetrate the auto market in Middle-East in order to gain more mark et share over their competitors.If these companies do become partners, Iran will be an option to emerge as a major regional car manufacturer, serving the Middle East beside Other countries in the region, particularly Egypt and Turkey which have substantial car assembly arrangements.The following companies have signed cooperative agreements and their products are either already on the market or are to be introduced in the near futureFrances Peugeot with Iran Khodro.Koreas Kia Motors with Saipa.Frances Citroen with Saipa.Korean Daewoo and Kerman Motors.Optimus of the UK with Renus.Proton of Malaysia with ZagrosAccording to the French automaker Peugeot, Iran has one car for every 21 people. Turkey has one for every 12, while Western European countries and Japan have nearly one car for every 2 people (www.peugeot.com). That indicates market growth potential, and the reason that foreign car manufacturer might be interested in the Iranian auto market.In this research the current auto indu stry situation in Iran will be analyzed and it will be evaluated in relation to its future strategy consequent upon growth in terms of output quality and ability to serve the domestic market, but also to play a major rule in region and become a genuinely international car manufacturer and exporter in Middle-East.To achieve a well-situated understanding of the current situation and examine the environmental position to meet the research objectives, other developing countries auto industry examples like China, India and Turkey will be investigated and analyzed as examples, while the regional circumstances, business environment and other specific characters of Irans economy e.g. the role of government , economic condition and Irans regulations will be considered to find out the most appropriate strategy for Iran car industry.The research question for the chosen topic is What would be the most effective strategy for Iranian car industry to become a major player in the Middle-East ma rket?From this research question, the following objectives would be appropriate to evaluateTo evaluate existing methods of development strategy in the Iranian auto industry,To identify the best possible methods of development strategy for domestic and foreign companies,To recommend how such a strategy can be implemented.The background of the research is set with a brief discussion on the changes have happened in the world of auto industry, the consequent of globalization, the dynamic and diversity of demand in auto market and the auto makers difficulties to respond to new market characteristics while maintain the ability to make profit. Our goal in this paper is to propose an efficient strategy to . The paper has the following structure. Section 2 gives the brief literature review. Section 3 analyses the competitors in automobile Middle East market. Section 4 introduces the Iranian auto industry case. Section 5 presents the growth and development problems in Iranian auto industry. F inally, section 6 is devoted to conclusions and future works.The residue of this paper is organised as follows. Section 2 summarises the development of Iranian production and exports in the car industry compared to other major exporters in the world. It also explains why Iranian export growth has remained much below production growth. Section 3 develops the empirical export model and describes the variables and data. Then, the model is estimated in Section 4. Estimation results are analysed and a sensitivity analysis is proposed. Section 5 estimates the Iranian export potential with regard to the main foreign markets, while Section 6 concludes.Literature review annals of globalizationHumans have coined the word Globalization to describe widely traded activities that take place across the continents which are aided immensely by diminishing international trading regulations negotiated through the World Trade Organisation. Globalization is a combination of many -manufacturing, trade in services, supply chain management activities which have been affected positively by a fast technological development in few last decades. As Friedman (1999) argues, what is new today is the degree and intensity with which the word is being tied together in to a signal globalized market place and village. What is also new is the sheer number of people and countries able to partake of today globalized economy and information network, and to be affected by them this new era of globalization is turbocharged.As it can be observed, that this noticeable international integration is not just in economics, but in politics and cultures are as well. However, it needs to be recognised that the speed of these changes and growth of integration is different across the world. In some countries and regions the trend of globalization is rapidly increasing while in other parts the pace is much bumper-to-bumper and globalisation is not welcomed at all. Nevertheless, regardless of the effects of globalisation no country can afford to ignore its impact on their political and economical circumstances. Likewise, the rate of change is different in various industries as is the strategic response of different business sectors to take advantages of exploiting new business opportunities.Although the merchandise trade, capital investment and labour migration started from 1850-1914, and the economy was more open than it is today in terms of the existing tariffs and trade barriers, but it was not globalized. Just the year following the Second World War and through reconstruction of war, the world has started to establish institutions to open up trades and ensure bullion stability such as GATT and IMF, which caused massive increase in the economic growth level. According to Dicken (2003), world trade increased at an average annual rate of 6.7 per cent between 1948 and 1953. Between 1958 and 1963 the rate locomote to 7.4 per cent and between 1963 and 1968 it accelerated further to 8.6 per cent. So people experience a boom period up to 1970s when the first oil crisis has occurred.The United States, which suffered less during the Second World War, increased its foreign investment and after a while the US companies started to move into Western European countries and create interdependencies across world markets. Europe and Japan which mainly focused on rebuilding their economies after the war joined in this and also expanded their positions in the market place and on the economic subroutine after the mid-1980s. (Hill, 2005) Also, because of the necessity of promoting global interdependencies, the United Nations was established to maintain world peace and security and so help the spread of industrialisation and world trade.The main drivers of globalizationApart from the history of globalization there were several main drive points that enhanced the process of globalisation. From the Johnson and Turners (2003) point of view one of the main globalization drivers wa s the changing economic paradigm. The new approach for managing economy was based on limitation the government role and neo-liberalism. Limiting the role of government provides the situations for businesses to progress and boom. As the Hill (2005) says, major changes occur as new economic and political institutions develop, with movement from traditional, non competitive institutions to competition-based capitalistic economies and popular institution. So the market was relied on to force the pace of competition. Little by little the liberal economy became an external economic policy and the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trades (GATT) set up to support this philosophy. As a result of GATT and afterwards its successor organization- WTO-, there was a great reduction in tariffs barriers and non-tariffs barriers for participating countries which help them established and spread their liberal economic policy.The second globalization driver is the spread of international governance and regulation. More international rules and policies developed for business environment, especially in regional level aimed at reducing the barriers in economic market among GATT contracting and WTO members. Also ranch e-commerce as a technological consequent has brought new issues in terms of traditional governance structure. Therefore, by passing the time and more international integration, the trade and market regulation were less under the national states control.According to Johnson and Turners (2003) argument finance and capital spread is another driver of globalization. necessity of financial and capital movement following the market deregulation and economic liberalization has supported by national rules and has facilitated by technological development and ease the financial transactions.All might agree that the technological development, mainly in information technology and communication sector, has played an important role in globalization. However none of them is the cause of globalization, Dicken (2003) argued, without these technologies the current complex global economy system could not exist. Shrinking time and space by innovated technologies was a great opportunity to reorganization and redefinition the commercial and economical structure. Most of industrial sectors are affected by innovations and changes in technologies especially in manufacturing system with a high influence on value chain. shipping technology has changed dramatically from 1840 to 1960 which was a development period from steam locomotives to high speed aircraft. Therefore, new transportation systems and their wide usage with cheaper prices have brought global shrinkage. Also in communication and its convergence with computer technology development has facilitated more effective networks within and between enterprises. All of these technological amenities provide links across borders and spread globalization in economic term.Social and cultural convergence might be seen as a dr iver for globalization. The effect of mass media and usage of internet make the consumer mouthful more common in global market. As Johnson and Turner (2003) mentioned, similar taste of consumer in different parts of the market creates the opportunity to evoke global product. So we can claim that the cultural and social similarities make the conditions available for globalization. Also transferring new technologies has brought about more products in greater varieties at lower costs and prices. Consequently standards of living and peoples expectations rise as well.Mode of entry and expansion methodsIn simple terms, globalization is an opportunity for companies to expand their market, their value chain and their business across borders. But the point is how effective can companies use these opportunities to make more profit and adore sustainable growth. What factors should they consider to make decision to choose an investment option to carry on their development strategy?Global sup ply chain and its dimensionsApart from different modes of entry available for firms to get advantages from globalization and to move across borders to expand their market, other advantages may be gained through developing global supply chains. The production of any good or service can be conceived as a production chain that is, as a transactionally linked sequence of functions in which each stage adds value to the process of production of goods and services. (Dicken, 2003)The firms try to differentiate their value chain in order to add more competences by using the advantages of each production chain requirement in different part of the world. However, build a global value chain might make it fragmented while the control and management of a global network is more difficult. From deuce point of view there are three important dimensions in production networksFirst is governance which means how they are coordinated and regulated. In the case which varying combinations and interrelati onships of different kind of companies and firms might perform in a production network, As Dicken says, the market is the main organizer of external transactions, in contrast with the case which the entire network operated with a single firm and internal organizational structure governs transactions. (Dicken, 2003)The second important dimension in production network is spatiality and how they are conFigured geographically. By increasing the emergence of global production network, network organizing is changing from geographically concentrated to geographically dispersed.The third issue is territorial embeddedness the extent to which they are connected in to particular bounded political, institutional and social setting. (Dicken, 2003) information technology and other new technologies have made space and distances meaningless. Most types of capitals are mobile and all of them can easily move from one place to another. However transportation and communication technology has developed as well, capital does moves within spaceless world. Place is still an important issue, as firms are highly affected by the cultural, socio-political and institutional context of the territorial they are embedded. Therefore multinational firms try to take advantages of differences within regulations and socials in various places while, bringing different state with different regimes in count within a production network makes the situation more complex to control and to take benefits from.Since 1999 and strongly growth of globalization, the same as other important and effective phenomena, globalization has a positive view wave that strongly recommend it and a negative wave against it which moves from developing country to developed countries during these years. Arguments about globalization success or failures do not have any satisfactory result, while globalization can be observe and discussed to understand both negative and positive sides of it.Growth of regionalismAlthough the spe ed of globalization and integration in the world market has increased during past decades under the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT) and more tardily by World Trade Organization (WTO), the regional agreement and the flip on the desirability of regionalism has grown as well. By the beginning of twentieth century most of the counties were part of a regional integration. However one might argue that the reason of regional integration is more political than economic explanation, it can not be ignored any more as almost 50 per cent of all world trade is within regional trade agreement. As a result of that, there is fear within WTO and other international institutions that regionalism takes the place of globalization and make a stumbling block toward further global trade integration. (Lung Van Tulder, 2004) Nevertheless there are different forms of regional integration and each of them affects global market more or less while the time of their integration process is various .The dynamics of automobile marketAlthough some changes had happened in the piece of music and geography of automobile demand, the concentration of automobile industry in three major global regions face auto companies in these regions with the overcapacity problem. The highly market-oriented of automobile production caused its development be based on affluent consumer markets to achieve the economy of scale. But during the years, the automobile consumer markets in three developed region has developed as well. As Dicken argued in the Global Shift (2003), the changing demand for Automobiles has three major characteristicsIt is highly cyclical.There are long term (secular) changes in demand.There are signs of increasing market part and fragmentation. ( Dicken, 2003)The competitorsDespite the fact that NAFTA, EU and Japan are the main developed region in both production and trade in auto industry sector, other countries have started restructuring this sector in line with their economi c reform. The obvious example might be China and India which both are gaining a sustainable growth in the last decade. Also Turkey has emerged as a new automobile producer in line with other industrial changes aim to become qualified to join European Union.Turkish auto industryTurkey auto industry has been developing due to the well strategic planning applied by the Turkey government by the way in which they opened their country to the global world. They have started their industry as a montage (CKD or SKD) in 1960 and have turned it to manufacturing part after a few years in 1966 trough licensing agreement and dealer-assembler with American and European firms. Gradually the government attempted to adapt an export-oriented strategy consequently it started to liberalize the importation of cars stepwise and reducing the tariffs. Meanwhile it provided some financial supports for upgrading themselves to international acceptable condition. But the main change which caused a revolution i n Turkey car industry was the customs unionization agreement in 1995 with European Union which followed by a new restructuring in their auto industry.To harmonization the administrative and regulatory structure of the industry, Turkish government has established an accreditation council to prepare the documents for new adaptation the issues and procedures of exporting in line with European countries. However the Turkey supposed to complete the adaptation and remove all tariffs by 2001, they have not completed it yet and it seems the Turkeys auto industry has not well prepared for full liberalization. Although adaptation a new regime from Turkey government which obligate importing vehicle companies to prepare service installment and aftermarket parts for customers within a country was a great opportunity for domestic firms to become involved with providing spare parts and services.Even though it was not a stable macro environment after 1997-1998 Russian and Asian crisis and again De cember 2000 crisis, the restructuring program caused some investment in car companies in Turkey in order to support economy of scale and encourage them to developed more update types of automobiles. Turkish manufacturers have operated in two car segment low medium and medium models and the produced cars have already been phased out in their country of origin, added that these segments account for 90 per cent of the Turkish market. (Duruiz, 2004)Governmental financial supports and investment on auto sectors attracted many foreign investors from 1995 onward, especially with aim to develop new times cars and modernization the industry. Most of foreign car firms have gained relatively high share of the auto industry after liberalization to use the resources in Turkey and export to European countries through Turkey. Table 1 shows the main auto manufactures in Turkey and their share.As the effect of custom exercise agreement, the automotive sector had the 5th place in Turkey exporting i n 2000, but the main effect has happened in component sector and it has increased relatively higher then auto sector export. It was also easier for component producer to upgrade their standard of their firms to get a competitive position in EU base on their lower labour wages. (Duruiz, 2004)Nevertheless Turkey has accepted liberalization in their trade but as they have not done the full integration, their case has become special. Mostly the Turkeys future economy highly depends on the European Union decision to accept it or not as a member of European Union which lead to change their economic structure with the support from the IMF and European Union.Indian auto industryEmerging of India in the world economy has been started by implementing liberalization and opened up most of the economic sectors to the global world in 1992. Looking historically at Indian car industry, it can be divided in four phase from the view point of Kim (2004). The starting point was in 1920s with assembly w hich was established by foreign companies. (General motor and Ford) It took two decades up to 1952 that Indian build up their domestic production firm. The governmental policy in auto sector is known as the main reason of no progress in productivity and technology in this sector for long period. (Kim, 2004) The third phase was started, after three decades, by making a join venture of Maruti Udyog -became nationalized in 1980- with the Suzuki motor company. According to this agreement a revolution had happened in Indian car industry. Increase the volume and standard was not just in auto makers but the change was occurred in the components industry as well. (Venkataramani, 1990) The main and last phase was started by Indian economic reform after 1992 under the guidance of the IMF and World Bank. As it was anticipated, deregulation of auto industry in 1993 and the expectation of market growth in India according to the population have attracted international auto makers to invest in Ind ia. According to the foreign existence it was a dramatically cruel of domestic firms share in India.Investment of foreign car makers, which were mainly in the form of joint venture with domestic firms, caused there-restructuring in the Indians motor industry. Apart from promotion of new models with more stylish design, significant changes have happened in auto financing as well. Also numbers of component manufacturers invested in local firms to supply their assemblers. So Indian witnessed a primordial change in the technology, infrastructure and managerial systems. (Kim, 2004)Despite of all expectations and anticipations about the fast economical growth after regulations in India and a positive view of auto makers about Indian market because of the sizable population of middle-class, the estimates about rising in demand did not turn to reality. Apart from the problems which multinationals generally face in new emerging countries such as undeveloped supplier base, weak infrastructu re and undeveloped regulations (Kim, 2001), Indian environment seems more complicated for them. Although the population was far enough to support ten auto makers, the companies face with overcapacity. The lack of demand in both domestic and regional market has become the major problem for multinationals auto makers in India.In terms of export from India to the neighbour countries also, the multinational car makers have not achieved any remarkable result. However the main reason might be the economic situation and poverty of South Asian countries which limit the demand for passenger car, we should not ignore the political and economical relation of India with its neighbour. Despite the hopes after the South Asian Association for Region Cooperation (SAARC) in 1985 and the South Asian Preferential Trading Agreement (SAPTA) in 1995, there was no significant growth observed in the South Asian trade relationship.Although the auto industry in India has not succeeded as it was anticipated, the auto component industry has occurred high progress in quality, technology and international standards. Now, in collaborate with foreign companies, they have become competitive in international markets and auto makers in India use their Indian suppliers to supply their other operation plant around the world.Moreover, Indian government regulations disable multinational to import completely build automobiles to India. However the Indian government did not define any limitation for on foreign ownership, instead 123 per cent tariff rates on import cars were forced multinationals to set up their assembly plant fully within India. And a high tariff on finished components also was another issue that multinationals prefer to find their supplier within domestic firms. (Kim, 2004)Despite of all mentioned problem in India, multinational car makers seems still have a positive view about the Indian market. The potential existing market is there, but the look is that when it will become visib le.Chinese auto industryFollowing the economical reform in China, the Chinese policy makers focused on auto industry as a symbolic sector which shows the industrial development within a country. The need for technology and knowledge caused them looking for foreign partner to provide the required technology by setting up assembly plant which also generate and improve numbers of domestic firms as the suppliers to support the main assembly plants. So, in the mid-1980 three main cities of China (Beijing, Guangzhou and Shanghai) established a joint-venture with foreign auto makers supported by central and local government. (Thun, 2004)Each local government aimed to improve the local supplier network by its JV, but the assembly plants were looking for the bettor quality and lower price. Therefore in contrast with the local government and despite of geographical advantages of supplying from local firms, assemblers were dependence on outside supplier and most of them imported 100 per cent of the components from outside unless they were forced by Chinese government to increase their required components from domestic firms. But even after the time assemblers shifted from outside supplier to domestic firms, the local government aim to improve their local network were failed as the JV sourced their parts from other regions. Therefore, as of 2003, just Shanghai could relay on their local auto sector and even though it did not meet the international standards, it became a dominant firm in Chinese auto market. (Thun, 2004)The Shanghai success was the result of well support and strategic plans of local government and Shanghai Automobile industry corporation (SAIC). In 1984, when the Shanghai established a joint-venture with Volkswagen (VW), non of local firms were able to supply the required component for the assembling plant and after two years their share increased by just 2.7 per cent. (Li, 1997) No significant achievement after two years caused Shanghai municipal governm ent began to re-evaluate the problems within the sector and the capacity of individual firms to solve these problems. (Thun, 2004) Consequent of problem solving process, they discovered two necessity preconditions to facilitate improvement in domestic firms.The first one was a reorganization of the municipal bureaucracy responsible for auto sector oversight. They have set up an Automobile Industry Leading keen Group in order to control the local actors. (Li, 1997)The second precondition was the capital accumulation and investment. To solve this problem the local government specify a localization tax and set up the localization fleck which was responsible to carry out a straightforward import-substitution policy for the imports in auto sector even from other Chinese regions. Also, the localization office checked out the list of imported components and their domestic firms which are unresolved of produce them successfully, then it provided a suitable investment capital as well as managing the firms relationship with the main assembler plant. (Thun, 2004)Apart from the local government programs, SAIC had its own way to support the Shanghai auto sector, even in some areas their activities overlappe

Brexit: Causes and Reactions to the Vote to Leave the EU

Br eliminate Ca wasting diseases and Reactions to the Vote to withdraw from the EUUnited Kingdoms move from the European Union AbstractThis paper discusses the re cent finale and voting in the United Kingdom (UK) to break from the European Union (EU) after(prenominal) organism a part for over 40 grades. M each factors went into the nations decision to set forth the EU and even then, the vote to fill countenance was very close, with the absolute bulk winning by a relatively concentrate number. Those who voted to retire from stand for it is the correct move for the UK, on the more thanoverton as those who voted against the conviction interval think in that respect could be negative effects. even place though the majority of electors voted to straggle the EU, it im dismantle silence take years before the ferment abide be completed out-of-pocket to legal opinions that must be adhered too. This does non include that fact that no agricultural has ever lea ve the EU, so thither atomic number 18 some argonas of uncertainty as intumesce. Even then, in that location is p in alliate a possibility that the British Prime minister of religion whitethorn over rule the vote and decide to remain in the EU, even if against voters wishes.UnitedKingdom Exit from the European UnionWhenit comes to government, everyone has their sustain panorama on what is beaver and whatis non. To each individual, they feel thattheir views ar correct, and oft clippings times the former(a) side is incorrect in theirway of thinking. without delay imagine superscriptious thatto a much tumescentr scale and or else of on the button having a difference of opinion inpolitics and what semipolitical party should run a country for the coming years,include the effective fate of a country.This is exactly what the United Kingdom (UK) did in June 2016. They held a vote for what direction the UKwould take for the years to come. Thisvote was to de edgeine wheth er or non to remain a part of the European Union(EU), which they had been a member of for over 40 years. As with any major decision that impacts acountry, there ar those that feel the move to break international(p) was the arightdecision and the UK leave alone be better off, since they entrust non involve to abide bythe rules that perk up been imposed by the EU. practiced as there argon those that feel that loss the EU is a major mistakeand feel that the break from the EU result be disastrous. This exiting of the United Kingdom has beenc whollyed Brexit, which is essenti in ally short for Britain and exit. Beingpart of the EU has many an new(prenominal)(prenominal) advantages for those living in the UK. It is non safe financially advantageous orbeneficial to pee-pee strength in number to cosmos a member a of the EU. According to Occupytheory.org (2014), sixadvantages of beingness a member of the EU are Low prices of goods there exists a oneness Market for all m ember countries wherein products are low-priced and there are no charges when it comes to custom tax custom tax is usually supercharged when goods are transported or sold amidst states/countries but this is non employ among member countries.Citizens are empty to move from one member country to another citizens can freely travel, study, work, or choke in any European country of their choice.More jobs are generated more or less than 3.5 one million million million jobs select been generated over the years.Development of strip regions some member countries of the EU are stintingally deprived and through the European Structural Funds, deprived regions are developed.Louder voice the EU is fitted to ensure that all their head aches are taken seriously and heard internationally since it speaks in behalf of millions of tidy sum.Workers are protect this is made possible through the European Working Time directive the directive includes regulations regarding holi solar days , works hours, breaks, etc.Essentially,the EU is what is known as a exclusive securities industry.What that means is that members of the EU be possessed of free roam of all EUnations. They can free travel betweencountries without having to have a passport or other travel documents requiredby sight from out-of-door the EU. It overlyallows for turn to to more easily work and live outside of their homecountry. It in kindred manner helped with trade amongEU nations as they did not have to pay tariffs for trade amongst each other.Justas there are advantages of being a member of the EU, there are overlydisadvantages. According to TejvanPettinger (n.d.), six disadvantages of being a member of the EU areCost. The costs of EU members to the UK is 15bn gross (0.06% of GDP) or 6.883 bankers billion net.Inefficient policies. A large persona (40%) of UE spending goes on Common Agricultural Policy.Problems of the Euro. Members of the EU doesnt necessarily mean membership of the EUR O.Pressure towards austerity. Since 2008, many southern European countries have faced pressure from the EU to pursue austerity spending cuts to support budget deficit targets, but in the middle of a break these austerity measures have contributed to prolonged economic stagnation.Net migration. Free strawman of tire out has caused problems of overcrowding in UK cities.More bureaucracy less democracy. It is argued that the EU has created extra layers of bureaucracy whilst fetching away decision making process further from local communities.When it came time for the referendum, or vote, for whether or not to stay deep down the EU, nearly 30 million people voted, which equated to an approximate 71.8% voter kit. Once the votes were in, the margin of victor was relatively small. The percentage of votes to Leave was 51.9% and percentage of votes to stay was 48.1%, which means that the Leave vote scarce won by only 3.8 percent. It was not upright Great Britain that was voting and would be impacted by the UK leaving the EU, repayable to the UK being made up of three other countries as well Wales, Scotland, and Federal Ireland. With the exception of the vote in Scotland, votes from the other three countries pickings part in the UK vote were slightly close. The over breakdown was England voted for Brexit, by 53.4% to 46.6%. Wales also voted for Brexit, with Leave getting 52.5% of the vote and pillow 47.5%. Scotland and Northern Ireland some(prenominal)(prenominal) backed staying in the EU. Scotland backed Remain by 62% to 38%, while 55.8% in Northern Ireland voted Remain and 44.2% Leave. ( line & Wheeler, 2017). Considering the vote, why did the vote to leave the EU come to the highest degree in the set-back place? For years, the UK independency company has campaigned to leave the EU. They tangle that the UK was being held back by the EU payable to the rules and restrictions that were placed on linees. there was also the involvement of the amount of money that the UK paid annually to be a member of the EU. They were paid billions of pounds each year, but they did not feel that they were getting luxuriant in return for what they paid. Border control was another spot that was used as part of the Leave campaign. Due to EU borders rules, the UK was limited on what they could do in regards to controlling their border and the amount of immigration. Since members of the EU had open borders to other EU nations, people from poorer countries wanted to move to richer countries to live and work, thus creating a influx of people. There was also concern that this influx of people was taking needed resources and jobs from those already living in the UK. This in turn took away jobs and added to the welfare system. The members of the Independence caller and their supporters are not contradictory to immigration, that just wanted to be able to control the numbers and who came into the country and they were unable to do that under EU rul es. When it came to the Leave campaign the Independence Party had support from other public officials. They had approximately half of the Conservative Party Members of Parliament (MP) and some of the Labour Party MPs. One other chemical group that was significant was the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) out of Northern Ireland. Although Northern Ireland voted to Remain, the DUP most probably helped to keep the vote closer then it could have been, correspondent to how the vote went in Scotland. There was also a concern that the EU was trying to create more a single country, similar to the Untied States of America. This would then take away individual countries identities, as they would be unified. One of the major sticking points in the conversation has been immigration concerns, as some Brits worry that the countrys employment marketplace and social services leave behinding drown under the weight of too many new residents. Theres also the worry that upper-crust elites and Bruss els bureaucrats are pushing for a continental identicalness that diminishes the U.K.s own sense of self. (Rosenfeld, 2016).When it came for the campaign to stay in the EU, there was no real added bonus, besides remaining a member of the EU. The argument was that being a member of the EU helped economically due to single market trade. They tried to battle to immigration fears by saying that the people that were immigrating to the UK where dower and were not creating a burden, since they came to work which in turn helped the economy. The operoseest argument to Remain was that they are more index fingerful in numbers. The UK on its own does not have as big a voice, since they would be a single entity, as opposed to being one of 27 other countries who could lose together as one, thus making them more powerful due to numbers and economics.Although the exact numbers are not known on what demographic voted the most and whether or not they voted for Leave or Remain, there is an idea du e to polling that was conducted after the referendum. The results found that 64% of those newfangled people who were registered did vote, rising to 65% among 25-to-39-year-olds and 66% among those aged between 40 and 54. It increase to 74% among the 55-to-64 age group and 90% for those aged 65 and over. It is melodic theme that more than 70% of young voters chose to remain in the EU. (Helm, 2017). What this shows is that the highest voter percentage turnout was from the older generation, increasing with each age group. What was the most affect though is the high number of voter turnout for young voters, with young voters being between the age of 18-24. There was even some guesswork as to what would have happened if 16-17 year olds had been allowed to vote due to that being a possible 1.6 million additional voters, which could have made the referendum a give out closer. Even with these numbers, there is no way to know if it would have been enough to sway the vote to Remain.Since the outcome of the referendum has been determined and the UK will leave the EU, what are the step for this to take place since it is not as easy as just not being part of the EU one day? The uncertainty of it all is that this has never been done, due to denomination 50 only came into existence in 2009. Article 50 is what created a way for a member country of the EU to leave. To start, it will take at to the lowest degree both years for everything to be negotiated for its withdrawal from the EU. During this time the UK will simmer down abide by EU rules, but they will not be able to take part in any decision-making process. According to Hunt & Wheeler (2017), as posted on BBC News, the hounding are the steps needed for the UK to leave the EU, to include a legal challenge to submit Article 50November 2016 Legal challenge to governments right to invoke Article 50 without consulting Parliament succeeds. MPs approve bill in March 2017.Two year time limit begins.29 March 2017 UK i nvokes Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union.Remaining 27 EU countries gibe 29 April to discuss withdrawal.Negotiations begin between UK and EU.Draft deal put to European Council (27 members).Needs approval from at least 20 countries with 65% of the population.Ratification by European ParliamentUK introduces Great Repeal Bill to revoke the 1972 European Communities Act.After two years, negotiations can be ex drawed if all 27 countries agree but if not EU treaties cease to apply to the UK.The UK leaves the European UnionGreat Repeal Act comes into force, copy EU laws into UK law, to give time for UK to amend or repeal them. at any rate the political and bureaucratic process that has to be completed by the politicians, as well as questions they need answered, there are still questions from the voter as to what happens next and these questions will need to be answered during the two year exit process. Some people are stressed intimately the galosh of their products, but this is unlikely to change due to creating two items. Others are disturbed most their health care and if they will be able to expect with their health care if they live ab course. That in of itself is another question. What happens to the people from the UK that already are living or working in another EU country or those from another country working in the UK. For UK citizens working outside of the UK and non UK citizens working in the UK, most likely nothing will change. They will be able to continue working where they are. For those planning on retiring outside of the UK, that could be another question and will have to be part of the decision making process for all those concern within the UK government and the EU, since this type of vogue was under the freedom of movement that was allowed as a member of the EU. People are concerned about the housing market being impacted. There has been a slight fall in the housing market from June to December 2016. Business owners are worried ab out having to pay tariffs once Brexit takes effect, since they have not had to pay tariffs as part of the EU. This is another situation that will have to be negotiated during the exit process between the UK and the EU. People are also worried about the economy itself. The U.K.s Treasury itself reported that its analysis showed the nation would be permanently poorer if it left the EU and adopted any of a number of likely alternatives. Productivity andGDPper person would be lower in all these alternative scenarios, as the costs would substantially outweigh any strength benefit of leaving the EU (Rosenfeld, 2016). Some people even think that the economy will become weaker due to reduced contributions from immigrants. The Internationla Monetary Fund, on with the Bank of England, have said that there could be long term economic impacts.Besides the EU, it is possible that the financial impact to be entangle globally. In Europe, the EU could run into economic trouble for a twin of reas ons. The lengthy and as-yet ambiguous exit negotiations could cripple investment, as mentioned above, but they could also lead tomore exits. (Rosenfeld, 2016). With the EU being a single market when it comes to trade, it has been advantageous for businesses due to no tariffs when crossing European country lines. However, businesses are concerned that due to the UKs exit, they channels of free trade could go away, thus making it more expensive to ship goods in and out of the UK. This may require companies want to leave the UK for other European countries who still are in the single market. This could impact billions of dollars. Brexit could also end up impacting the U.S. In the U.S., billions, if not trillions, of dollars could be called into question by a British exit In 2014, American direct investment into the EU number about 1.81 trillion euros, and about 1.99 trillion euros flowed in the opposite direction, accord to the European Commission. (Rosenfeld, 2016). It is not just E urope and the U.S. that have these fears, but twofold other global companies that do business with the UK and the EU. Just like with the threadbare market, when something bad happens in one country, it can be felt in various forms across the globe, due to the would be more globalized and working together. With many of those that voted to Leave, they are not concerned with global corporations or investors in these companies that are timbreing at the bottom line, not what people think is outperform for their country.Based on how a member of the UK voted, Leave or Remain, it is fairly easy to determine what they thought about Brexit itself. However, with the UK exiting the EU and the potential impact it can have on other EU countries, gauging how they feel could all help or hinder the transition and negotiation process due to emotions. A 16-country poll by Ipsos Mori showed that almost half 48 per cent of respondents from Sweden said they were dismayed by the UKs decision. It wa s a different write up in France, where only a quarter of respondents said they were sad about Brexit. (Mertens, 2016). The US and Russia were also polled on their feelings of the UK leaving the EU. Of those polled, in the US, approximately 20% said they were dismayed and the UKs decision. In Russia, only about 6% of Russians polled were dismayed, with 54% thinking that the UK deciding to part ways with the EU was a good idea and in their own best interest. However, a majority of respondents in most countries felt that Brexit would be bad for the UK economy. Japan was curiously gloomy, with more than two-thirds of respondents expecting Britain to experience an economic downturn. (Mertens, 2016). Polls that were conducted can give a general idea of what the common people thought of Brexit, but there were also mixed and neutral thoughts from world attracters. The following quotes from world leaders, as posted on BBC intelligence activity Brexit World reaction as UK votes to leave EU (2016), are just a few of the world leader reactions.This is a painful choice and it is deeply regrettable both for the UK and Europe. further this choice is theirs and we must respect it, accepting all the consequences. Francois Hollande, French electric chair We take note of the British peoples decision with regret. There is no interrogative that this is a blow to Europe and to the European unification process.Angela Merkel, Chancellor of Germany The people of the United Kingdom have spoken, and we respect their decision. The special relationship between the United States and the United Kingdom is enduring, and the United Kingdoms membership in Nato trunk a vital cornerstone of US foreign, security, and economic policy.Barack Obama, US chairman Victory for freedom The British people have given to Europeans and to all the people of the world a shining lesson in democracy.Geert Wilders, Dutch independence Party leader Its an explosive shock. At stake is the break-up pure an d unbiased of the union.Now is the time to invent another Europe.Manuel Valls, French Prime take care Depending on who one asks, there is a difference of opinions on whether or not the UK can put out Brexit. Tom Campbell (2017) quoted the research director at the Centre for London as saying Brown agrees that London will retain its dominance even if terms are less golden London has an unrivalled agglomeration of financial and other service firms. Some may relocate, some may choose to expand elsewhere, but many will remain in London. Just as Ric bad Brown thinks that the UK will be ok after Brexit, others still hold a different opinion and feel that Brexit will be detrimental for the UK. Direcctor of World Cities Cultural Forum, capital of Minnesota Owens, is one of these peole that feels Brexit was bad. He stated Theres no dubiousness the decision to leave the EU poses a threat to Londons creative economy. The sector has prospered on diversity, free movement of artistic gift a nd international supply chains. Londons cultural assets are considerable, but it is likely to be diminished over the next decade unless there is a suitable policy response. (Campbell, 2017). Ashoka Mody is another reckonr that the UK will conk Brexit and even points out that much of the UKs trade is outside of the EU. pursuance Brexit, productive British trade with the European Unionwill pass away just finewherever it is based on long-lasting economic gains and social relationships. At the same time, the shift toward trade with the faster-growing United States and Asia will continue. and Almost all new British trade is being created outside of Europe.(Mody, 2016). So even if members of the EU are initially upset with the UK and make trade difficult initially, the UK still has other sources of economic stability. Another aspect of why the UK will bring through is literally about money. As Nobel esteem winning economist Paul Krugman points out, the U.K. has a significant advanta ge compared to other nations they have the British pound. (Tepper, 2016). Even with some people thinking that the UK leaving the EU could ending up irreversibly harming the UK, there are still others that have a good come acrossing of what is going on and understand that although there may be some set backs, thing will not be as bad as some would like things to appear at face value.There are also those that fancy at whether or not the EU will be able to survive the UKs departure. Realistically, those that think the EU cant not survive without the UK, do not know history, since the UK was not initially part of the EU. Plus, there multiple other counties that want to the EU. A potential issue with the countries that want to sum of money, and may be the reason they have not been allowed to join yet, is these countries are poorer countries. Due to this they would most likely not provide as many resources to into the EU as they would receive. This is part of the reason the UK voted to Leave, paying more into the EU then they received back. The EU can certainly survive without Britain but it cannot survive without buy-in from the public. Without a substantial change in how the EU communicates to the people in member countries, there will be a much greater threat to the EU than Brexit and that threat is the EU itself. (Can the EU survive after Brexit?, 2017). Even though the some people do not feel that the future of the UK is a bleak as others would have people believe, they still have an up hill battle forward of him. Especially when it comes to to having to renegotiate trade deals within the EU, since the other 27 countries that the UK just divorced are likely to not be overly clever about their departure. With the EU being the more powerful entity, they may have an upper hand when it comes to the negotiating table. In an opinion poll that was conducted in 2016, French, German, Swedish, and Finnish feel that when it comes to post-Brexit negotiations, the UK should not receive any favors. Germans and the French were the most opposed to offering Britain a generous deal that pays tribute to Britains role as a neighbour and important trading partner, according to the YouGov survey.In both countries,53 per cent of respondentssaid itshould not expect any favours, compared to27 per cent who said the EUshould offer Britain a generous deal. (Sims, 2016). One the flip side of that, people are willingto take a softer stance if the UK is still willing to continue with the freemovement of workers and to keep with the pre-Brexit agreements about letting EUcitizens to work and live in the EU.Although that could potentially alleviate some of the Brexit negotiationheadaches, at the same time it goes against one of the big reasons that manypeople wanted to vote Leave. That is thefree movement of people into the UK and not have control of their own border.No matter how it is looked at, the topic of the UK wanting to leave the EU is a stifling topic ite m. People on both sides of the fence have powerful opinions of whether to Leave or Remain, and rightly so considering the referendum was and probably will be one of the most impactful decisions they will see in their life. It is also hard to say which side is correct in their way of thinking. One could look at it as the older more experienced generation, choose to leave due to what they have seen and experienced in their life time and hunt to have more of a nationalistic point of view. Just as the younger generation tended to vote to remain, although they do not have as much life experience or have seen as much, they tend to have more of an open mindset of how things should be. When it came to the vote to leave and the two sides were campaigning for what they thought was right, there seemed to be two main reasons. The first was the immigration issue and not having conrol of their own borders. Whether or not the commodious influx of immigrants actually took many jobs or economical ly taxed the UK systems, could be a matter of opinion, depending on how the numbers were spun and ones point of view. Some even cited the immigration issue as a threat to society due to not border control, so extremists could more easily travel and hide within EU contries. The other main topic was that many people felt that the EU was holding the UK back due to their rules and regulations. They felt that it restricted business and did not allow them to thrive they way they felt they could.No matter what the reason, a big concern for many people is whether or not the UK can survive Brexit. The answer is yes. Will they be as strong or globally powerful as they were when part of the EU, that is yet to be seen as only time will tell. However, the UK is still an economic power with many resources and the UK failing would spell global disaster. So even with the EU being upset up what is going on, it is not in their best interest for the UK to fail. This does not mean that it will be an ea sy road for the UK during the two years leading up to their actually departure date. There are a multitude of negotations that much be completed, with the UK possibly having to not get as good of deals as they would prefer. There are also many laws within the UK that will need to be looked at and all used, amended, or be thrown out based on what is in their best interest. All in all, the situation is overcomeable and there will not be any major catastrophic outcomes that topples a government, although some would believe that is the case. However, a very real possibility, based on how the transition for the UK goes from being a member of the EU to not being a member of the EU, is if other EU countries will follow suit. As it is very possibily that the UK could be paving the way for others to follow. After all, Article 50 came about in 2009 and it only took eight years for an EU member country to use it. Whose to say that once this divorce of the UK and EU is done, someone else doesn t follow suit. That is the EUs biggest fear.ReferencesAdvantages and Disadvantages of the European Union. (2014, October 09). Retrieved April 22, 2017, from https//occupytheory.org/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-the- europiuman-union/Brexit World reaction as UK votes to leave EU. (2016,June 24). Retrieved April 24, 2017, from http//www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics.eu.referendum-36614643Campbell, T. (2017, January 23). Can post-Brexit Londonsurvive as Europes cultural and financial capital? RetrievedApril 24, 2017, from https//www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/jan/23/post-brexit-london-economic-self-sabotageCan the EU survive after Brexit? (2017, March 23).Retrieved April 24, 2017, from http//www.thenational.ae/opinion/comment/can-the-eu-survive-after-brexitHelm, T. (2016, July 10). EU referendum youth turnoutalmost twice as high as first though. Retrieved April 23, 2017,from https//www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jul/09/young-people-referendum-turnout-brexit-twice-as-highHunt, A., & Wh eeler, B. (2017, March 30). Brexit Allyou need to know about the UK leaving the EU. Retrieved April 23,2017, from http//www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-32820887Mertens, R. (2016, August 5). This is what Europeancountries think about Brexit. Retrieved April 23, 2017, from https//www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/08/this-is-what-european-countries-think-about-brexitMody, A. (2016, July 04). Dont Panic. Britains economycan survie just fine outside the European Union. Retrieved April 24,2017, from http//www.independent.co.uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/dont-panic-britains-economy-can-survive-just-fine-outside-the-european-union-a7118736.htmlPettinger, T. (n.d.). Disadvantages of EU Membership.Retrieved April 23, 2017, from http//www.economicshelp.org/europe/disadvantages-eu/Rosenfeld, E. (2016, June 24). Brexit 101 What justhappened, and why its import for regular Americans. Retrieved April23, 2017, from http//www.cnbc.com/2016/06/21/uk-brexit-what-you-need-to-know.htmlSims, A. (2016, Ju ly 08). Four European countries rejectgenerous Brexit deal with UK, poll finds. Retrieved April 24, 2017,from http//www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/four-european-countries-reject-generous-brexit-deal-with-uk-poll-finds-a7128001.htmlTepper, T. (2016, June 29). Why Brexit Wont Destroy TheUK Economy Money. Retrieved April 24, 2017, from http//time.com/money/4383549/british-pound-brexit-european-union/