Analysis Of The Poem Ragged Old Flag - 1081 Words

When songwriters begin to pen the lyrics of a song, I believe their ultimate goal is to transcend time in hopes of reaching listeners for generations to come. J.R. Cash, professionally known as Johnny Cash, wrote a song that did just that. â€Å"Ragged Old Flag† is a patriotic song that speaks to every generation. Written in 1974, â€Å"Ragged Old Flag† was meant to tell the story of our country. Johnny Cash recorded â€Å"Ragged Old Flag† live at the House of Cash. Cash wanted the song to be recorded live because it was raw, untouched, and unapologetically real. The basis of this analysis is to show how patriotism spans generations, but also why a song such as, â€Å"Ragged Old Flag† is an important part of patriotism in the United States of America. To begin, America has been through hell, but she always comes back. â€Å"Ragged Old Flag† was Cash’s response to the nationwide frustration brought on by the Vietnam War and Watergate Scandal. Johnny wanted to write a song that would make people feel patriotic and stand together during the Vietnam War and Watergate Scandal. â€Å"Ragged Old Flag† reaches many generations and that is apparent in the first couple of verses. Johnny Cash wrote â€Å"Ragged Old Flag† in first person point of view. The listener will be skillfully taken on a journey through the historical events of the United States. Within the first couple verses we are introduced to a man new to small town. He is walking by the courthouse when he notices an elderly man sitting on a bench. The manShow MoreRelatedRomanticism and Modernism as Strange Bedfellows: A Fresh Look at Jack Kerouacs On the Road12240 Words   |  49 Pages. I tingled all over; I counted minutes and subtracted miles. Jus t ahead over rolling wheatfields all golden beneath the distant snows . . . I pictured myself in a Denver bar that night, with all the gang, and in their eyes I would be strange and ragged and like the Prophet who has walked across the land to bring the dark Word, and the Word I had was ‘wow’ (35). He deems himself the romantic Prophet who bears the â€Å"Word.† Only in this case, the word is only an emotional, childlike utterance—â€Å"wow

German Numbers and Counting From 0 to 20

Learning numbers or counting in German  is not difficult, but true mastery of numbers, in any language, takes time. It is fairly easy to learn to rattle off the numbers — eins, zwei, drei... and so forth. However, most of the time numbers are used in more practical ways: in telephone numbers, in math problems, in prices, for addresses, etc. Also, because you have already internalized the numbers in English or another first language, there can be the same kind of interference that happens with other vocabulary. So, do learn to say the numbers, but also try these exercises to see if you really know how to deal with them. If someone tells you a phone number in German, can you write it down? Can you do simple addition or subtraction in German?   Die Zahlen 0 to 10 0 null 6 sechs 1 eins 7 sieben 2 zwei * 8 acht 3 drei 9 neun 4 vier 10 zehn 5 fà ¼nf * Often zwo is used to avoidconfusion with drei Die Zahlen 11 to 20 11 elf 16 sechzehn 12 zwà ¶lf 17 siebzehn 13 dreizehn 18 achtzehn 14 vierzehn 19 neunzehn 15 fà ¼nfzehn 20 zwanzig ÃÅ"bung 7A  (Exercise 7A) Mathe  Ã¢â‚¬â€ Write out the answer to the following math problems in German.Note: in German is plus (PLOOHS); - is minus (MEEN-OOS). 1.  zwei fà ¼nf   ________________ 2.  zwà ¶lf - zwei   ________________ 3.  drei neun   _________________ 4.  vier - vier   _________________ 5.  eins sechs   _________________ 6.  dreizehn - zwei   _________________ 7.  sieben elf   _________________ ÃÅ"bung 7B  (Exercise 7B) Diktat  (Dictation) — Write out the following phone numbers as numerals.  Example: null, vier; zwà ¶lf, vierzehn, zwanzig 04 12 14 20 (German phone numbers are often printed/written in groups of two-number pairs.) 1.  null, zwo; zwà ¶lf, elf, zwanzig   ______________ 2.  neunzehn; null, fà ¼nf; sechzehn,   ______________ 3.  null, acht; zwà ¶lf, elf, zwanzig   ______________ 4.  null, drei; vier, sieben; achtzehn, zwanzig   ______________ 5.  dreizehn, zwà ¶lf, zehn, vierzehn   ______________

Arhurian Romances Essay - 1376 Words

Chretein de Troyes, Arthurian Romances nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;From the Classical age through the medieval age, women were greatly disrespected. They did not have any say in anything and were not appreciated. In Classical texts such as The Odyssey, the women were treated as if they were animals. They did not have the respect of others and some were thought of as whores. In the stories of Erec and Enide, Lancelot, and Perceval, we see a dramatic change in this, due to the system of government that Arthur entails giving them the freedom and rights they deserved. The new man to woman relationship brought about in these stories is very different then the past stories we have read from the classical age. This system gave great honor†¦show more content†¦It was Erecamp;#8217;s chivalric duty to defend her honor as a lady and the queen.While Erec was at the town he played in the Sparrow-hawk ceremony, which dealt with showing the most beautiful maiden in the kingdom. Whoever had enough gall to present his lady as the m ost beautiful and handed her the sparrow in front of the town wins. Erec presents Enide as the most beautiful and is approached by Ydor, who thinks his woman is the best. They battled and by defeating him and winning the game, he walked away with his love, Enide. He loved and cherished every move she made. He loved her so much that he gave up his knightly duties for her. He stopped going on quests and participating in all the ceremonies. amp;#8220; But Erec was so in love with her that he cared no more for arms, nor did he go to tournaments. He no longer cared for tourneying; he wanted to enjoy his wifeamp;#8217;s company, and he made her his lady and his mistress. He turned all his attention to kissing her; her persued no other delight.; (pg.67 Erec and Enide)He wasnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; greatly shamed by all the knights and nobles for doing this. She refused to tell him about this in fear of his actions. These unknightly actions created problems with him and the other knights. Enide finally tells him the truth about what everyone else is thinking and is blamed for it. He brings her out on quests to test her love

Analysis Of Platos Allegory Of The Cave - 1532 Words

In the allegory written by Plato titled â€Å"Allegory of the Cave†, Plato discusses the concept of seeking knowledge and gaining wisdom. He uses a story of prisoners trapped into a cave to represent the confines of reality that humans are put into, and a lone prisoner exiting the cave to represent a philosopher seeking a greater understanding. Plato’s writing tells of the flaw that all humans share, which is the fact that we believe our perceptions to be the absolute, incontestable truth. It is this flaw that can easily affect our spiritual, educational, and political knowledge, hindering us from having a full grasp on actual reality beyond what we visually see. His rhetorical devices, tone, symbolism, and imagery all lend themselves to giving†¦show more content†¦To be able to see the full picture with clarity, we need to take a few steps back and see things from a different perspective. The second stage of the Allegory of the Cave consists of the process leading up to enlightenment. Plato represents the difficulties of leaving a comfortable reality where you are content with your own ideas by comparing it to the harshness of a flickering flame. The bright light of the fire that you are newly being exposed to after being held in the dark for so long can be painful, and hard to cope with or understand. The journey from ignorance to a better understanding can be confusing. As humans, we naturally don’t want to be forced to question our own ideas and the things we know to be true, but it is this uncomfortable, driving force that can lead us out of our own contentment and onto the path of better understanding. Plato so eloquently describes this challenging journey by comparing it to that of a prisoner being forced to visually take in all of this new information that he had not previously been exposed to. It takes a great deal of strength to be able to challenge th e world around you and develop your own ideas, rather than taking everything around you in on a surface value. Stage Three of Plato’s allegory pushes us further along the path of enlightenment, where new wisdom is being thrust upon us as we are opened up to yet another set of truths that we have never experienced. The prisoner is being pulled from the caveShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Platos Allegory Of The Cave864 Words   |  4 PagesOn the surface of Plato’s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† it is just a simple piece, but the main purpose of the piece is to explain people living in a world of face value and having individuals break free from the main idea to create a new sense of what the world is truly about. In here, Plato uses the writing style of allegory to encompass the use of imagery and symbolism to explain his purpose. He also uses very clever dialogue with constant repetition to represent a bigger idea about the philosophy withRead MorePlatos Allegory of the Cave - Analysis and Summary973 Words   |  4 PagesPlatos Allegory of the Cave - Analysis and Summary The Allegory of the Cave by Plato represents an extended metaphor that is to contrast the way in which we perceive and believe in what is reality. The thesis behind his allegory is the basic opinion that all we perceive are imperfect reflections of the ultimate Forms, which subsequently represent truth and reality. In his story, Plato establishes a cave in which prisoners are chained down and forced to look upon the front wall of the caveRead MorePlatos Allegory of the Cave - Analysis and Summary987 Words   |  4 PagesPlatos Allegory of the Cave - Analysis and Summary The Allegory of the Cave by Plato represents an extended metaphor that is to contrast the way in which we perceive and believe in what is reality. The thesis behind his allegory is the basic opinion that all we perceive are imperfect reflections of the ultimate Forms, which subsequently represent truth and reality. In his story, Plato establishes a cave in which prisoners are chained down and forced to look upon the front wall of the caveRead MoreAnalysis of Platos Allegory of the Cave948 Words   |  4 PagesPlatos Allegory of the Cave Platos Allegory of the Cave is also termed as the Analogy of the Cave, Platos Cave, or the Parable of the Cave. It was used by the Greek philosopher Plato in his work The Republic to illustrate our nature in its education and want of education. It comprises of a fictional dialogue between Platos teacher Socrates and Platos brother Glaucon. Socrates gives a description of a group of people who spent their lifetime facing a blank wall chained to the wall of a caveRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Platos the Allegory of the Cave2111 Words   |  9 PagesEden Scharer Darrin Broadway English III-4 5th December, 2010 From Darkness to Sunlight: An Analysis of the Allegory of the Cave Imagine yourself sitting inside a dark, damp, cave where the only thing you can see are moving shadows on the cave wall in front of you. You can’t move anywhere or see anything besides the shadows, and these are the only things you’ve seen for your entire life, so these moving dark images are the most real things you’ve ever known. At some point in our childhood weRead More Analysis of Platos Allegory of the Cave Essay example995 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Platos Allegory of the Cave Platos Allegory of the Cave presents a vision of humans as slaves chained in front of a fire observing the shadows of things on the cave wall in front of them. The shadows are the only reality the slaves know. Plato argues that there is a basic flaw in how we humans mistake our limited perceptions as reality, truth and goodness. The allegory reveals how that flaw affects our education, our spirituality and our politics. The flaw that PlatoRead MorePlatos The Republic: Analysis of the Chapter Entitled Allegory of the Cave588 Words   |  3 PagesThe Republic comes a chapter entitled â€Å"Allegory of the Cave†.(â€Å"Plato†) Plato’s Allegory of the Cave describes ignorance and the process of enlightenment. The cave symbolizes a prison for the mind. Cave dwellers only know of the one reality presented in the cave, yet it is not reality at all. The cave dwellers are ignorant, knowing only one way and not trying to broaden their minds. Plato uses chains and shackles to represent the mental bondage of the cave dwellers. In spite of the bondage, fewRead MoreAn Analysis of Plato’s Allegory of the Cave and the Importance of Light in Discovering Truth1139 Words   |  5 Pagestranscends the exclusivity of the contemplative and the active lives. He defines the ultimate truth as â€Å"aletheia†, which literally translates to mean â€Å"unhidden† or â€Å"that which does not remain unnoticed†. Through his use of the term and his allegory of the cave, Plato makes the strong implication that philosophers must actively seek to discover the absolute truth, rather than relying on t raditional methods of contemplation and the persuasive tone of rhetoric to prove its existence. To better explainRead More Dantes Inferno Essay888 Words   |  4 Pages Dantes use of allegory in the Inferno greatly varies from Platos quot;Allegory of the Cavequot; in purpose, symbolism, characters and mentors, and in attitude toward the world. An analysis of each of these elements in both allegories will provide an interesting comparison. Dante uses allegory to relate the sinners punishment to his sin, while Plato uses allegory to discuss ignorance and knowledge. Dantes Inferno describes the descent through Hell from the upper level of the opportunists toRead MoreSynthesis of Truman Show and Platos Allegory of the Cave1440 Words   |  6 PagesCritical Analysis of The Truman Show and Platos Allegory of the Cave When The Truman Show was released in 1998, it was just another popular Hollywood flick, but its story is closely related to Platos Allegory of the Cave. The plot line for the movie follows this classic tale in many ways, some more obvious then others. As with most cinematic treachery, the movies similarities are no coincidence. The writers drew from Platos classic because it is such a universal story and is something

William Shakespear Essay Summary Example For Students

William Shakespear Essay Summary William ShakespearBorn on April 23, 1564 in Stratford-Upon-Avon, England. His father John Shakespeare and his mother Mary Arden. W.S. was able to attend grammer school and learned Greek and Latin classics (this is comparable to collegeeducation today). At age 14 his father lost the family fortune and remainedpoor until his deathAt 18 he married Anne Hathaway in 1582. She was 26 years old. They had three children Suzanne(1583) and the twins Hamnet and Judith(1585). In his mid-twenties he left Stratford(supposedly because of poaching on the Queens land) for London. His first job with Richard Burbages men was as an osler; next an actor. No one knows what he was doing during 1585-1592. By 1592 he had become known in London as an actor and playwright; his risewas rapid. Queen Elizabeth 1 supported the arts and the theater. In 1592 a plague closed the theaters(Shakespeare wrote poetry during this time to support himself). In 1593 a brief reopening of the theater happened. In 1594 theaters reopened. The troupe became the Lord Chamberlains Men set up on a servant co-opstructure. Requirements for actors:1. loud voice2. sing and play instruments3. good swordsman4. good memoriesDuring this time he wrote many comedies: Comedy of Errors first of any status. Histories were written in support of the govt. This is where they werereceiving much of the financial support so they wanted to keep the govt(Queen) happy. W.S. was a major stockholder in the theater. 1597-bought New Place in Stratford(2nd largest house)1599-Lord Chamberlains Men bought land and built the Globe Theater in Southwark(South Bank of the Thames River). W.S. owned 1/10th1603-Queen Elizabeth died. King James took reign of England. He loved the arts more than the queen. The name was changed from Lord Chamberlains Men to the Kings Men. 1608-Added to the Globe Theater by buying the Black Friars Theater and givingperformances there also. W.S. owned 1/7th1613-Fire at the Globe during a performance of Henry 8th; rebuilt within a year. Left comedies and histories to write tragedies soon after the Globe reopened. Sonnets-published in 1610 but circulated earlier. First Tragedy: The Tragedy of HamletLate plays: Cymbeleneand and Winters Tale became bitter, ironic, and sad(much as his mood was changing toward the latter parts of his life.)The Tempest: last play written as a posible farewell to the theaterHe wrote 37 plays throughout his life. 1612-retired as a country gentlemen to New Place in Stratford1616-wrote his will(by himself)1616-April 23,1616 died on the day and the month he was born1623 first folio was done by two of the men who admired him from hiscompany at the Globe. Category: Biographies

Ethics in Clinical Research Health Practices

Question: Discuss about theEthics in Clinical Researchfor Health Practices. Answer: Introduction Clinical research is crucial for the promotion of health practices because it provides the solutions to the various challenges that face the health care sector, for example determining the effectiveness of new medical intervention when compared to the current methods (Hulley et al. 2013; Portney Watkins 2015). However, to produce practical outcomes, clinical research has to use people as research specimen. The use of people as research specimen subjects the research participants to serious risks, including poisoning and physical disability. Consequently, human tests raise fundamental ethical issues amongst the various relevant stakeholders. In Australia, clinical research involving human tests must comply with high ethical standards (Lederman 2006; Kotecha et al. 2011; National Health and Medical Research Council 2016a). According to the National Health and Medical Research Council (2016a), Australia has a practical regulatory pathway for the various clinical trials. In the Clinical Trials Notification (CTN) scheme that is under the supervision of the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), it is mandatory for the clinical researchers to directly submit research proposals to Australian Human Research Ethics Committees (HRECs) for purposes of ethical review and subsequent approval. Furthermore, the TGA also manages the Clinical Trials Exemption (CTX) scheme. In this case study report, the Australian clinical research ethics are explored with the objective of making the appropriate recommendations. To achieve the reports goal, it has been divided into two main sections. The First part is the Discussion Section, where the report provides insights on Australias clinical research ethical framework. In the Second and final Section, the report provides a conclusion that summarises the key insights concerning Australias clinical research ethical framework. Discussion The relationship between research participants and researchers forms the basis upon which human research is often conducted (Glickman et al. 2009). Moreover, the values such as justice, integrity, beneficence, and the respect for human beings contribute towards shaping that relationship as one of ethical quality, and mutual responsibility. Thus, it is against this background that Australias National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research (2007) (Updated May 2015) regards the people who participate in clinical research as participants and not subjects (National Health and Medical Research Council 2016b). Nonetheless, although the values of justice, integrity, beneficence, and the respect for human beings have a long history in regulating the ethical conduct of clinical researchers around the world, including Australia, they are not the only values for researchers. Other values include respect for the societal cultural diversity, contributing to community goals, and altruism (W orld Medical Association 2013). Nevertheless, the values of research integrity and merit, respect, beneficence, and justice have occupied a prominent position in Australias ethics of human research in the last 60 years, and these provide a flexible and substantial framework for the principles to guide the design, review, as well as the adoption of such research. Accordingly, the countrys ethical framework for clinical research in the National Statement is founded on these values, thereby developing the relevant practical expression. Moreover, among the values mentioned in the preceding discourse, respect is considered to be central (Portaluppi, Smolensky Touitou 2010). The value of respect entails recognizing that each person has value in them, and that this value dictates all the interactions between people. The value of respect includes the recognition of the value of human autonomy, which incidentally is the capacity to establish a persons own life and the ability to make own decisions (Petryna 2009). However, the value of respect transcends beyond the recognition of human autonomy. The value involves the provision for the protection of those people that have diminished or no autonomy, and empowering them in appropriate situations, as well as helping and protecting people in all circumstances it would be wrong not to provide people with help and protection. Subsequently, the reference to the values of justice, integrity, beneficence, and the respect for human beings in Australias National Statement serves as an endless reminder that, at all the phases, human research demands ethical reflection that is informed by sound values. The sequence in which these values are considered in practice reflects the order in which the majority of ethical considerations come up in human research. Furthermore, integrity and research merit are often the initial values explored in Australias National Statement. It is argued that unless a proposed clinical research demonstrates merit, and the researchers who are to conduct the research are found to be of high integrity, the participation of people in such a clinical research cannot be said or be considered as ethical (Mason, Laurie, Smith 2013). At a reflective level, justice entails a regard for human equality that every individual shares with others. People have a deep desire to be treated in accordance with similar justice, including procedural justice and distributive justice. In the context of clinical research, procedural justice is expressed through fair treatment during the selection and recruitment of the participants as well as the review of research whereas distributive justice manifests in the fair distribution of the challenges and benefits of research. Although benefit to people is recognized as an important output of clinical research, it is also crucial that research benefits are realized through just mechanisms, entail no unjust burdens, and are distributed fairly (Mason et al. 2013). Nonetheless, researchers in clinical studies enjoy discretion in the manner in which they can exercise beneficence under ethical research. The researchers can exercise beneficence through: evaluating and taking into consideration the risks of harm and the possible benefits of research to the participants and to the entire community; being sensitive to the interests and welfare of the people that are involved in their clinical research; and reflecting on the cultural and social implications of their work. Conclusion Overall, the respect for people is the common threat throughout all the discussions on ethical values under the ethics of clinical research. Therefore, turning to the value of respect as the final value is a strong reminder that it brings together all of the ethical discussions that has preceded the value. In Australia, the government, through Parliament, has adopted a comprehensive regulatory policy that focuses on ensuring that each and every proposed human test satisfies both the ethical and scientific requirements before it is approved for implementation. In this context, the TGA is tasked with the mandate and duty of reviewing the ethical standards of the proposed clinical research, whereas the HRECs are responsible for ensuring that the clinical research proposals that have passed the scientific review also pass the ethical review. In other words, research ethics forms the final hurdle for the execution of a sanctioned scientific clinical research in Australia. Therefore, ethic s is significantly crucial to clinical researchers. The design, review, as well as the conduct of clinical research must reflect the values of justice, integrity, and beneficence, the respect for human beings, respect for the societal cultural diversity, contributing to community goals, and altruism. References Glickman, S.W., McHutchison, J.G., Peterson, E.D., Cairns, C.B., Harrington, R.A., Califf, R.M. and Schulman, K.A., 2009. Ethical and scientific implications of the globalization of clinical research. New England Journal of Medicine, 360(8), pp.816-823. Hulley, S.B., Cummings, S.R., Browner, W.S., Grady, D.G. and Newman, T.B., 2013. Designing clinical research. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Kotecha, J.A., Manca, D., Lambert-Lanning, A., Keshavjee, K., Drummond, N., Godwin, M., Greiver, M., Putnam, W., Lussier, M.T. and Birtwhistle, R., 2011. Ethics and privacy issues of a practice-based surveillance system Need for a national-level institutional research ethics board and consent standards. Canadian Family Physician, 57(10), pp.1165-1173. Lederman, R., 2006. Introduction: Anxious borders between work and life in a time of bureaucratic ethics regulation. American ethnologist, 33(4), pp.477-481. Mason, K., Laurie, G. and Smith, A.M., 2013. Mason and McCall Smith's law and medical ethics. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. National Health and Medical Research Council (2016a). Why conduct a clinical trial in Australia | Australian Clinical Trials. [online] Australianclinicaltrials.gov.au. Available at: https://www.australianclinicaltrials.gov.au/industry-and-sponsors/why-conduct-clinical-trial-australia [Accessed 28 Oct. 2016]. National Health and Medical Research Council (2016b). Human Research Ethics Committees (HRECs). [online] Australianclinicaltrials.gov.au. Available at: https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/health-ethics/human-research-ethics-committees-hrecs [Accessed 28 Oct. 2016]. Petryna, A., 2009. When experiments travel: clinical trials and the global search for human subjects. Princton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Portaluppi, F., Smolensky, M.H. and Touitou, Y., 2010. Ethics and methods for biological rhythm research on animals and human beings. Chronobiology international, 27(9-10), pp.1911-1929. Portney, L.G. and Watkins, M.P., 2015. Foundations of clinical research: applications to practice. Philadelphia, PA: FA Davis. World Medical Association, 2013. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Jama, 310(20), p.2191.

Transition free essay sample

What do you feel will be the biggest challenge as you transition from high school to college? How do you plan to meet that challenge? Two Johns, one Jonathan, a Megan without an â€Å"h† and a Meghan with an â€Å"h,† and one each of Robert, Igor, Lauren, Courtney, George, Natalie, Cameron, Josh, Liz, Erin, Denise, Billy, Cassie, Ed, Jordan, Vanessa, Caitlin, Samantha, Jose, Jessica, Danielle, Kim, Andrew, Kevin and Russ. These are the names of my entire senior class (not including me) in eight lines. Not many people can do that, but I can. Most of these people have affected my life in one way or another. Whether playing with blue Puffalump toys in a daycare library or living on the same block for 12 years, I have a connection with each member of my graduating class. Not many people can say that, but I can. Every day for the past three years, I have been with the same 30 people, give or take a few. We will write a custom essay sample on Transition or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There is not one face I would not recognize or one mother I would feel uncomfortable hugging. We‘re a family. Do we all get along? No, but we‘re a family nonetheless. We‘ve grown up together in a small, sheltered environment. Since seventh grade we‘ve been inside the same brick walls. How, then, will we leave our comfort zone and head in different directions? Therein lies my biggest challenge. By no means do I wish I could spend four more years with my senior class. I care about them all, but cannot wait to leave them at the end of May. It‘s not going without the people that presents a hurdle for me, it‘s going without what those people bring. I know that every day at 9:40 a.m. I can head to the cafeteria for a Pop-Tart and cookie outing and at 12:25 p.m. my lunch bag will be searched by a certain someone who always wonders what fruit snacks accompany my PB J. How can I go to college and accept that these routines will no longer be part of my life? College will open up the doors for in-numerable other routines. Though college will not be as sheltered, a new comfort zone will be established inside the campus gates. I will have limitless opportunities to make new friends and form a new family. Chances are, most of the people I listed at the beginning of this essay will become a distant memory. One thing I can count on to help me meet this challenge is a change in my-self. All through high school I stood back and was more of a spectator than a player. In college, I will not only be a player, but the captain of the team. I will walk right up to new people and introduce myself. I plan to approach college with the mindset that I need to be in charge of my becoming adjusted. I need to find the people, places and daily routines that make me feel at home again. It needs to be my responsibility, and I plan to make it just that.

Modern Indo-English Poetry Essay Example

Modern Indo-English Poetry Paper Modern English poetry in India is one of the many new literatures which began to emerge at the end of the Second World War, after the end of colonialism. Unlike the Africa and Caribbean creative writings, modern Indian poetry in English did not have an obvious direct relationship with the cultural movements that had led to national independence. The emergence of modern English poetry was a part of modernization which included urbanization, industrialization, mobility, independence, social change, increased communication (in the form of films, television, radio, journals and newspapers), national and international transportation networks, mass education and the resulting paradox that as an independent national culture emerged and it also participated in the international modern usually westernized world. Gradually with passing time the English language poetry became more indianized in nature. The change that came about reflected the change in mentality that had ushered in among the Indian poets. Such Indianisation had been proceeding for several generations and is prominent in the poetry of Kamala Das and Pritish Nandy and present although more nuanced in the work ofKeki N. Daruwalla it is more likely to be felt in the verse of Nissim Ezekiel and Jayanta Mahapatra or in the kind of rapidly expressed ironies found in the poetry of Ramanujan. We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Indo-English Poetry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Indo-English Poetry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Indo-English Poetry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The modern poets as a group tended to be marginal to traditional Hindu society not only by being alienated by their English language education but also more significantly by coming from such communities as the Parsis, Jews and Christians or by being rebels from Hinduism and Islam or by living abroad. Many of the writers came from the families that had already been partly westernized or that moved extensively during their childhood. There are identifiable periods when Indian English poetry took new directions. In the early 1960s poets, like, Kamala Das and Ezkiel, focussed on the actuality of personal and family life; on the other hand, the experimental poetry of Mehrotra, Kolatkar, Nandy, Chitre and Mahapatra began to appear in the late 60s and early 70s. A renewed more detailed satirical and yet compassionate focus on communal and family heritage had become an important trend in the modern English poetry in India. It can be said about the modern Indian poetry in English that with every passing decade an increasing immediacy and heightened awareness of actual Indian experience is noticeable. In the beginning it seemed that modern Indian verse was indebted to British as well as to a few European models but in the present age it reveals an awareness of most of world literature including contemporary American, South American and older Indian devotional verse in regional languages. An important characteristic of modern Indian English poems is that they have an openness which is especially noticeable in the middle portions of the poems and the association that is created in the poems is very logical in nature. The narrative which is generally used in the poem has become an experience itself instead of an example in an argument. In modern Indian poetry in English there has always been a confessional tradition which was particularly noticeable in Ezekiel`s poetry. Besides the immediacy, experimentation, openness and self revelation of modern Indian poetry in English there has been noticed an increasing interest in long poems as a means of going beyond the fragmented vision and isolation associated with the short lyric. Such long poems can be called closest modern culture which can come to the shared national and communal values and experience of the classical epic. In fact the distance between the modern sceptical individual and the traditional beliefs of a community is however the subject of this modern equivalent of the epic. . Literary Journey The journey of Indian literature commences from the social reformer Raja Ram Mohan Roy who protested firstly against the exploitation of woman and advocated the rights of press in his writings as well as actions and movements. According to M. K. Naik, Roy wrote A Defense of Hindu Theism which was ‘the first and original publication in the history’. Later on Henry Derozio (1808-31) who wro te first original poetry in English was less social conscious but more patriotic. Derozio and Kashiprasad set the tone or the love of India which was followed by Toru Dutt, R. N. Tagore, Sarojini Naidu, M. M. Dutt, Sri Aurobindo, Kashiprasad Ghosh, Goroo Chand Dutt and R. C. Dutt. Similarly the first quarter of twentieth century followed Romanticism, Victorianism. Poets like ‘Meherji, A. F. Khabardar, N. B. Thadhani, Nizamat Jung, Harendra Nath Chattopadhyaya, and Ananda Acharya exploited Indian and oriental thought in the typical Indian manner’. The second quarter of twentieth century leaded a rich harvest of poets like ‘V. N. Bhushan, S. R. Dongerkery, T. P. Kailasam, N. Krishna Murti and A. Menezes’ continued the humanistic trend while Nolini Kant Gupta, Dilip Kumar Roy, E. L. Vaswani, Nirodvaran K. D. Sethna, Nishi Kanto, and Themis carried forward the tradition of mystical poetry. ‘The third quarter of 20th century has seen the further strengthening of modernist as well as new symbolist’s trend’. Here the poets published from ‘Writers Workshop’ like, P. Lal, Kamala Das, V. D. Trivedi, Marry Erulkar, A. K. Ramanujan and several others seem to reveal significant development modernist lines in Indo-Anglian poetry’. The age from 1922 to 1947 can easily be called the age of indianness as all the writings of this period were either glorifying the rich heritage of India or admonishing her decline, but there was no upsurge of protest in the poems of that time as the people of this period were (under Colonialism) struggling for freedom of nation or dazzled by the light of industrial revolution. But few poets cum social reformers protested against the social evils and ills that had taken birth in the medieval age. 4. Post Independence English Indian Poetry Indian English poetry before and independence has been a debatable topic among the critics. Critics are bifurcated into two groups on the achievement of Indian English poetry. There is group of critics like C. D. Narasimaih and V. K. Gokak who applaud the poetry of Sri Aurobindo and his Sarojini Naidu, while critics like Parthasarthy and others have appreciated the poetry of post-independence era (after 1947) and have outrightly condemn the poetry of preindependence period. According to these critics there has been no serious poetry written before independence and this poetry was lacking the voice of protest and common mass and steeped more into ‘Romanticism’ or Lyricism. ’ B. K. Das says: Post independence Indian English poetry is genuine because it is deeply felt and addressed to the whole community; Indian situations form a vital part of it. (4) In fact, these ‘Indian Situations’ of post-independence period which were full of struggles, sufferings, protest of new India against the age old dogmas and customs and traditionswhich have already lost their grace, sanction and hold on society in the medieval ages, were responsible for giving birth to ‘protest’- a term refreshed by Marx and Engels in Modern ages, and the same term, gained new charms in Indian English poetry after independence. Besides, women poets like Kamala Dass, Gauri Deshpandy,Lila Dharmraj, Malti Rao, Monika Verma, Anna Sujata Modayil, Laxmi Kannan, Rita Malhotra and Margret Chatterjee protested not only against men and their oppressions but widened their horizons and wrote considerably on the exploitations done by the other people of power and pelf. Gauri Deshpande’s ‘Rain Poem’ provides a realistic image of rains and floods of Kerala and the measures taken by the Government in this regard: Saudamini (Sucheta Pai Jaweli) writes protest poems voicing the agonies and woes of modern Indian woman. Especially her poem, ‘We Are the Domestic Jews’ narrates the miserable lot of woman: Saudamini (Sucheta Pai Jaweli) writes protest poems voicing the agonies and woes of modern Indian woman. Especially her poem, ‘We Are the Domestic Jews’ narrates the miserable lot of woman: Post-Independence Indian English poetry is both a break with the past and a continuation with it too. Modernity in recent Indian English poetry, which essentially means a break with the past, has three identifiable manifestations: one – a past-oriented vision which is associated with a sense of loss and hopelessness, a sort of cultural pessimism; two–a future-oriented vision, associated with a desire to remake the world; three–a present-oriented attitude, ahistorical, amoral, neutral, stoic, ironic, ambiva ¬lent, absurdist. This modernity has two modes of â€Å"expression†Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¬one, it might result in one turning inward going on one’s â€Å"voyage within†; two, it might result in an ironic observation of reality, in â€Å"voyage without. The incipient romanticism and rapid narcissicism of the early Indian English poetry are now discarded in favour of poetry as â€Å"a criticism of life. † Post-Independence Indian English poetry tries hard to set its roots and develop its own artistic credo. It has successfully risen above â₠¬Å"decadent romanticism† and in the hands of such brilliant poets as Nissim Ezekiel, A. K. Ramanujan and R. Parthasarathy, it is acquiring new dimensions. Introduction Traditionally, the work of Indian women writers has been undervalued due to patriarchal assumptions about the superior worth of male experience. One factor contributing to this prejudice is the fact that most of these women write about the enclosed domestic space, and women’s perceptions of their experience within it. Consequently, it is assumed that their work will automatically rank below the works of male writers who deal with ‘weightier’ themes. Additionally, Indian women writers in English are victims of a second prejudice, vis-a-vis their regional counterparts. Since proficiency in English is available only to writers of the intellectual, affluent, educated classes, a frequent judgement is made that the writers, and their works, belong to a high social strata, and are cut off from the reality of Indian life. The majority of these novels depict the psychological suffering of the frustrated housewife, this subject matter often being considered superficial compared to the depiction of the repressed and oppressed lives of women of the lower classes that we find in regional authors writing in Hindi, Bengali, Malayalam, Urdu, Tamil, Telugu, and other native languages. In the nineteenth century, both progressive and orthodox reformers supported female education in India, believing that social evils could be eliminated through education. However, the concept of education was limited to producing good homemakers and perpetuating orthodox ideology, as women were believed to support the traditional values of Indian society. Christian missionaries and British rulers, especially in Bengal where the British had made their first inroads in the mid-nineteenth century, started girls’ schools, and in the 1880s, Indian women started to graduate from universities. The vast majority of girls, however, did not attend school, as education for women was mainly confined to the larger towns and cities. Indian women authors Prior to the rise of the novel, many Indian women composed poetry and short stories in Hindi, Punjabi, Bengali, Urdu, Tamil, Malayalam and Kannada. Women were the chief upholders of a rich oral tradition of story-telling, through myths, legends, songs and fables. Once literacy began to filter through society, those stories were transformed into poetry and drama. The novel was not at first a common form, perhaps because the majority of women had less access to education than men. It was not until prose began to be used in the late nineteenth century by Bengali writers who had been exposed to European culture that the novel form took hold in India. The volume of Indian literature written in English is smaller than that written in the various regional languages, and spans a smaller range of time, having only commenced with the spread of the English language and education. But in the last two decades there has been an astonishing flowering of Indian women writing in English, the literature of this period being published both in India and elsewhere. The authors are mostly western educated, middle-class women who express in their writing their discontent with the plight of upper-caste and class traditional Hindu women trapped in repressive institutions such as child-marriage, dowry, prohibitions on womens education, arranged marriages, suttee and enforced widowhood. Poetry Toru Dutt (1856-77) was the first Indian woman poet to write in English, and her work depicts archetypes of Indian womanhood, such as Sita and Savitri, showing women in suffering, self-sacrificing roles, reinforcing conventional myths in a patriotic manner. Her first book, published when she was twenty, was a book of verse translations from French, A Sheaf Gleaned in French Fields: Verse Translations and Poems (1876). Kamala Das originated a vigorous and poignant feminine confessional poetry, in which a common theme is the exploration of the man-woman relationship. This style was subsequently taken up by other women poets such as Gauri Deshpande, Suniti Namjoshi, and Chitra Narendran. The predicament of a single woman, spinster or separated, has also been a prominent theme in women’s poetry. Tara Patel shows in Single Woman (1991) that in the harsh reality of the world, the quest for companionship without strings is a difficult one. Anna Sujata Matha in Attic of Night (1991) writes of the trauma of separation and the travails of a separated woman. Poetry for her seems to be an act of transcendence of agony, in the name of survival. But the image of woman she projects is strong and determined, and she argues for a sense of community, justice and companionship. While in womens poetry we hear the voice of the New Woman’s definition of herself and a quest for her own identity, we hear the conventional male voice and see a conventional, often negative portrayal of women, in men’s poetry. An example is the six volumes of Nissim Ezekiel’s poems, which depict women as mother, wife, whore, sex object or seductress. Woman’s voice was heard for long and from ages but only in the songs sung to highlight the spiritual yearning or in the lyrics and the passionate love songs. Indian woman for long had been encircled in the whirlpool of pain and suffering of orthodox society. Though much has been done to relieve them from the plight from the time of William Bentick to curtail the evil practices against woman and that social reformer Raja Ram Mohan Roy clamored for widow remarriages and for restoration of her rights. But the pace of reformation is still slow. preliminary exercise in identifying the such features and the overall view of women poets about Indian women is intended to present the poetry of women poets in our country is Toru Dutt, Sarojini Naidu, Kamala Das, Gauri Deshpandey, Monika Verma, Lakshmi Kannan, Mamta Kalia, Lila Ray, Gauri Pant, Margaret Chatterjee, Chitra Prasad, Rohini Gupta and Anna Sujata Modayil. The emergence of a large number of women poets is significant features o f Post-independence Poetry. These Indian English women poets communicate a powerful female sensibility which does not find expression in their male counterparts. Women poets write consciously as women. What distinguishes their poetry is their confessional and autobiographical note, frank, candid, bold and realistic expressions of their attitude to woman. Commenting on the feminine sensibility in Indian English Poetry Murli Das Melwani says: Their themes are few in number. Thwarted desires, the frustration of living in a male dominated world, Sex and of course Love are common ones. Contemporary situations are finding more frequent mention in their poems. The viewpoint is peculiarly feminine, a distinctive tone setting of their work from the rest of Indo English Poetry. Another distinguishing mark is the frequency with which imagery is used to suggest personal reactions. (Melwani: 35) A vast impact of surrounding milieu can be glanced in the poetry of these Indian Women Poets. Toru Dutt and Sarojini Naidu are called the precursors of women poetry. In those olden times the condition of woman was not so crucial as is now but there was also rampant the slavery of orthodox beliefs, although a strong impression of righteousness, love and peace can be seen in the women of ancient times. In the past the image of woman was hat of Kali, Uma, Lakshmi, Durga, Sita and Anusuya whom man also gave full reverence. The images of the woman are basically drawn from the Hindu religious texts i. e. the Ramayana, the Mahabharata Shrimad Bhagvada Gita and Vishnu Puran. A. N. Dwivedi aptly remarks: Savitri ,Sita and Jagadhya Uma are the ideal representative of Indian womanhood and offer an opportunity to the poetess to reveal the mysterious feminine nature. Toru’s intimate feelings are expressed through them. Sarojini Naidu or the Bharat Kokila is the most lyrical woman poet of India. She made more definite contribution to Indian English Poetry. Her poetry reflects her involvement with Indian life. She is an epitome of Indian womanhood and commands respect from the younger generation as an intrepid freedom fighter. She said about herself: The lyric child had grown into the lyric woman. All the instincts of her awakening womanhood for the intoxication of love and the joy of life were deeply interfused with the more urgent need of the poet’s soul. For a perfect sympathy with its incommunicable vision its subtle and inexpressible thoughts. In her poems like â€Å"Indian Love Song†, ‘Village Song’, ‘Pardanashin’ and ‘Indian Dancers’, she has portrayed the life of Indian Woman of different sects where women are seen dancing enjoying and involved in the thoughts of their lovers. Kamla Das in her poetry carries the theme of independence in her . Another luminary poetess Gauri Deshpande shows different feminine sensitivity; full of events, baffling, sensuous and captivating. Lakshmi Kannan, a bilingual writer in Tamil and English is a well known signature of Indian English Poetry. Lakshmi Kannan, a bilingual writer in Tamil and English is a well known signature of Indian English Poetry. The poetry of Anna Sujata Modayil is poetry of experience and an insight into life. As such, it does not remain isolated from the global trends and can be corroborated by the fact that it has incorporated itself the manifestations of the feminist movements that swept through Europe, America, Canada, and Australia since 1960s. At the same time in India appeared the poetry of Kamla Das , Eunice de Souza , Mamta Kalia, Tara Patel , Imtiaz Kalia, Gauri Deshpande , Suniti Namjoshi,Gauri Pant, Lakshmi Kannan, Vimla Rao,Meena Alexander, Margaret Chatterjee, Charmayne D’Souza , Mamta Kalia, Sujata Bhatt etc. Tejdeep Menka Shivdasni and a few other women poets who not only totally upset the phallogocentric discourse of Indian English poetry by introducing in it a new array of thematic contents in new voices, but relate their experiences in their art from a broad spectrum of styles. Kamla Das is one of pioneering post-independence Indian English poets who have contributed immensely to the growth and development of modern Indian English poetry. Menka Shivadasni’s poetry hold together a private world of chaotic emotions through its logical development and its strikingly imaginative icons. Sujata Bhatt born in India and educated in the United States, now living in Germany has been shaped by cross-cutural experiences as reflected in her three collections. These and many more recent women poets bring out the conflict of gender through the Indian female psyche in its interaction and correlation with the male psyche. Written in a personal and confessional style, their poetry acts as a social document because they themselves are victims and agents of social change. In the twilight zone in which the creative mind dwells, there is a natural feminine ability to turn inwards, to accept intuition and tenderness as values long with the gentle sensitivity to one’s natural environment and to the latent communications among human beings which mobilize the feelings and imageries and bring forth the new feminine voices creating new terrains. Female bonding in literature has thus taken a variety of forms, the agenda being common,women need to come together and call into question all the diverse strategies of patriarchy.