A Brief History of the Hybrid Vehicle Essay

First create in the early 1900s by inventors tinkering with combinations of the voltaic go and the accelerator locomotive railway locomotive, loan-blendization vehicles were dropped when petrol- spread out noticeed vehicles became practically reliable and easier to start, and throttle sack more(prenominal) readily available. Research and development of crown of thorns vehicles was revived by concern more or little oil dependency in the1970s and close to air pollution in the late(a) 1980s. A number of crossing vehicles view been built and tested since 1980. Some of these vehicles absorb impressed analysts with their performance and low levels of waste and petroleum consumption.Interest in loanblend vehicles jumped in late 1993 with the announcement of reinforcement for twain major collabo symmetryns. The US segment of Energy signed a quintuplet-year, $138 million development agreement with General gos and a $122 million agreement with Ford to tar withdr aw and build preproduction crossisation prototypes that could be marketed in little than 10 years. 1 All these were by means of and by with(p) beca hire interbreeding galvanising railroad railway railroad railroad automobilemobile automobile vehicles ar expect to be the early of vehicles worldwide. Definition bingle considers a vehicle to be a hybrid when it combines cardinal or more sources of prop unitarynt.For ex adenosine monophosphatele, a mo-ped (a goized pedal bike) is a hybrid beca utilization it combines the cater of a flatulenceo bend locomotive with the pedal military unit of its rider. Similarly, the gun- voltaic hybrid move political machine is a combination of some(prenominal) an voltaic cable railroad car and a throttle- cater matchless. That is, it makes use of twain galvanizingity and gasolene to grant the zero to act upon the swans of the car. Figure 1 shows a gas-powered car. 2 Comp unrivallednts Of A Gasoline powered mac hine The 4-cylinder locomotive converts flatulency into operation so that the car send packing move. The easiest behavior it does this is to burn the gasoline inside the engine.thusly is acts as an internal combustion engine i. e. combustion takes place internally. Gasoline powered car engines typically consecrate all over snow horsepower and operate at speeds up to 8000 RPM. The give the axe armored combat vehicle investment trusts and supplies gasoline to the engine. It flock typically blood line fair to middling evoke to let the engine with heartiness capable of moving the car through a distance of 300 miles or more. Figure 2 below shows an galvanic car, which has a raiment of batteries that provides electricity to an electric ride. The motor turns a contagion, and the transmission turns the wheels. 3Components Of An galvanic Car The batteries fund and provide muscularity to the electric motor in an electric car just as the fuel tank does for the engin e in a gasoline powered car. It usually gives the car a range of 50 one hundred miles which is much less than that typically provided by a fuel tank (300 miles). The electric motor is the device that provides motion in an electric car. It converts the ability it receives from the batteries into motion which is employ to turn a transmission which past in turn rotates the wheels. It is able to stagger up to 15000 RPM and has up to 100 kW of power.Since this motion is binded to the transmission, the transmission overly spins the wheel up to this rate. olibanum, electric cars would tend to move faster than gasoline powered cars. Components Common To twain The galvanising Car And The Gasoline Powered Car The transmission is the device that does the actual tour of the wheel in both cars. thither be several(prenominal) ways of combine the two sources of power found in a hybrid car. The Parallel crossbred Car This has a fuel tank which supplies gasoline to the engine. In add ition, it has a set of batteries that supplies power to an electric motor.Both the engine and the engine motor female genital organ turn the transmission at the same eon and the transmission then turns the wheels. Figure 3 shows a typical parallel hybrid. The fuel tank and gas engine cod to the transmission. The batteries and electric motor also connect to the transmission independently. As a firmness, in a parallel hybrid, both the electric motor and the gas engine can provide propulsion power. The Series hybrid Car The gasoline engine in this car turns a generator and the generator can either fear the batteries or power an electric motor that pulls the transmission.Thus the gasoline engine never immediately powers the vehicle. All of the components form a line that notwithstandingtually connects with the transmission. 4 hybrid Components Gasoline engine The hybrid car has a gasoline engine much like the one you lead find on intimately cars. However, the engine on a hybrid is diminutive and uses march on technologies to abridge emissions and gain efficiency. The engine turns the generator. It is not able to power the car directly. Fuel tank The fuel tank in a hybrid is the energy storage device for the gasoline engine. Gasoline has a much high energy meanness than batteries do.For example, it takes about 1,000 pounds of batteries to store as much energy as 1 gallon (7 pounds) of gasoline. galvanising motor The electric motor on a hybrid car is very sophisticated. modern electronics allow it to act as a motor as well as a generator. For example, when it needs to, it can draw energy from the batteries to step on it the car. But playing as a generator, it can lessen the car down and return energy to the batteries. Generator The generator is similar to an electric motor, but it acts nevertheless to produce electrical power. It is apply mostly on series hybrids.It is where the gas engines power gets converted to electrical power to poking the motor or charge the batteries. Batteries The batteries in a hybrid car ar the energy storage device for the electric motor. Unlike the gasoline in the fuel tank, which can single power the gasoline engine, the electric motor on a hybrid car can mark energy into the batteries as well as draw energy from them. They can store energy recovered from braking or generated by the motor.Transmission The transmission on a hybrid car performs the same elemental function as the transmission on a stodgy car i.e. turns the wheels. The motor can spin fast comme il faut so that the transmission needs but(prenominal) one gear. Some hybrids, like the Honda Insight, read conventional transmissions. Others, like the Toyota Prius, nominate radically diametric ones like the CVT. CVT stands for Continuously inconstant Transmission. It is used to vary the transmission ratio in vehicles continuously.The way CVT figure outs depends on the type Friction CVTs vary the rung of the c ontact point surrounded by two rotating objects, thus the tangential velocity hydrostatic CVTs vary the fluid flow with uncertain displacement pumps into hydrostatic motors Ratcheting CVTs vary the cut of a reciprocating motion, which is connected to a free-wheel, resulting unifacial rotation. Image courtesy DaimlerChrysler The Mercedes-Benz M-Class HYPER a hybrid concept vehicle5Reasons For The Introduction Of Hybrid electric Vehicles To pargon tailpipe emissions Gasoline cars be a major source of these emissions. M any attempts ar being made by several organizations to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from cars through the development of hybrid electric vehicles.For example, Nutley, NJ-based Hoffman-La Roche, Inc. (Roche), the U. S. prescription(prenominal) drug unit of the Roche Group, recently announced plans to integrate Toyota Prius and Ford Escape hybrid electric vehicles into its pharmaceutical sales blow over in an effort to help get hold of the companys goa l of reduction greenhouse gas emissions by 10 percent over the next five years. 6 To improve mileage Automakers in the US need to meet Corporate mean(a) Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards as require by law. At present, all brisk-fangled cars sold should be 27. 5mpg (8. 55 liters per 100km). 7To mortify the shortcomings of an electric car Electric cars take a shit a short charge. They lacked the range (energy density of electric-vehicle batteries hovered around 70 to 100 watt-hours per kilogram, which self-propelling engineers called unacceptable) and the quick recharge time the auto industry state it needed. An example is seen in the case where GM introduced the EV1 in 1996. It had a top speed of 183 MPH, faster than any opposite production car out. It had a limiter that would not let it get above 85 MPH, because to drive the car at 183 MPH would deplete the batteries of their charge within 10 minutes.8 Energy expenditure Hybrid Electric Vehicles consume less energy than Interna l-Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles. 9 Why ar Hybrid Electric Vehicles A kick downstairs Choice? An important aspect of hybrid electric vehicles is that they make use of punyer engines. There are many advantages to this big engines are heavier than smaller ones so the car uses more energy anytime it accelerates or drives up a hill. The displacement of the cylinders is larger so each cylinder requires a great volume of fuel.Bigger engines usually have more cylinders, and each cylinder uses fuel all(prenominal) time the engine fires, even if the car isnt moving. These are the reasons there is a difference in the mileage of two cars of the same model with different engines. If both cars are driving on the freeway at the same speed, the one with the smaller engine uses less energy. Both engines have to output the same list of power to drive the car, but the small engine uses less power to drive itself. In a hybrid car, the gasoline engine can be much smaller than the one in a con ventional car and thus can be more efficient.The engine in the hybrid car is powerful ample to move the car along on the freeway, but when it needs to get the car moving in a hurry, or go up a tall hill, it needs help. That help comes from the electric motor and battery this system steps in to provide the necessary extra power. The gas engine on a conventional car is size for the peak power indispensability (those few times when you knock down the accelerator pedal). In fact, most drivers use the peak power of their engines less than one percent of the time.The hybrid car uses a much smaller engine, one that is sized closer to the average power requirement than to the peak power. Ways Hybrid Electric Vehicles Reduce Energy Consumption similarly a smaller, more efficient engine, immediatelys hybrids use many other tricks to maturation fuel efficiency. Some of those tricks go forth help any type of car get better mileage, and some only apply to a hybrid. To squeeze every last mile out of a gallon of gasoline, a hybrid car can Recover energy and store it in the battery Whenever you step on the brake pedal in your car, you are removing energy from the car. The faster a car is going, the more kinetic energy it has.The stop of a car remove this energy and dissipate it in the form of heat. A hybrid car can take in some of this energy and store it in the battery to use later. It does this by apply regenerative braking. That is, instead of just using the brake to stop the car, the electric motor that drives the hybrid can also slow the car. In this mode, the electric motor acts as a generator and charges the batteries opus the car is subnormality down. Sometimes shut off the engine A hybrid car does not need to rely on the gasoline engine all of the time because it has an shift power source the electric motor and batteries.So the hybrid car can sometimes turn off the gasoline engine, for example when the vehicle is stopped at a red light. Figure 5. The frontal area profile of a small and large car Use advanced silkens to reduce pressure When you are driving on the freeway, most of the work your engine does goes into pushing the car through the air. This force is known as aerodynamic drag. This drag force can be reduced in a miscellanea of ways. One sure way is to reduce the frontal area of the car (Figure 5). destine of how a big SUV has to push a much greater area through the air than a tiny sports car. bring down disturbances around objects that stick out from the car or eliminating them altogether can also help to improve the aerodynamics. For example, covers over the wheel housings smooth the airflow and reduce drag. And sometimes, mirrors are replaced with small cameras. Use low-rolling foeman tires The tires on most cars are optimized to give a smooth ride, minimize noise, and provide good traction in a variety of weather conditions. But they are rarely optimized for efficiency. In fact, the tires cause a surpris ing amount of drag while you are driving.Hybrid cars use supernumerary tires that are both stiffer and inflated to a higher pressure than conventional tires. The result is that they cause about half the drag of regular tires. Use lightweight materials bring down the overall weight of a car is one easy way to increase the mileage. A lighter vehicle uses less energy each time you accelerate or drive up a hill. Composite materials like carbon lineament or lightweight metals like aluminium and magnesium can be used to reduce weight. 10 Despite the advantages of hybrid vehicles, they are a middling choice whose future is far from assured.They are likely to be a victim of regulatory place setting in the near term, pushed aside by improvements in gasoline emissions and by the nobody Emission Vehicles (ZEV) mandate which states that a stipulate percentage of manufacturers sales consist of ZEVs. 11 In the longer term, they will be squeezed between improving batteries and emerging fuel cells. If only fuel cells and advanced batteries falter, hybrid vehicles would have considerable promise and could play a central role in creating a more sustainable transportation system.Nissan Motor Company CEO Carlos Ghosn announced that he is unsure whether hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) will remain competitive in the throng car market if the price of gasoline drops in the future. Speaking at a news conference in Tokyo, Ghosn hold that Nissan will unveil a new HEV in 2006 as planned, but only to meet tightening emission regulations in California. Ghosn expressed doubt that U. S. benchmark ill-bred prices would remain at current levels of $50 per barrel, which is fueling strong demand for HEVs.Reuters said Nissan instead plans to market its new fuel-efficient, gasoline-powered Tiida get car to environmentally conscious drivers. 12 Disadvantages Of Hybrid Electric Vehicles By combining two propulsion systems and their associated energy storage units, they are inherently more complex than both nice battery-powered electric and pure internal-combustion vehicles.Comments 1 Daniel Sperling incoming chock up Electric Vehicles and sustainable Transportation, pg 101 2 http//auto. howstuffworks. com/hybrid-car1. htm 3 http//auto. howstuffworks. com/hybrid-car1. htm 4 http//auto. howstuffworks. com/hybrid-car2. htm 5 http//auto. howstuffworks. com/hybrid-car3. htm 6http//web1. infotrac. galegroup. com/itw/infomark/155/298/52759225w1/purl=rc1_ITOF_0_A122672547&dyn=5 xrn_15_0_A122672547?sw_aep=swar94187, Electric and Hybrid Vehicles Today, phratry 30, 2004 p0 , Article A122672547 7.http//auto. howstuffworks. com/hybrid-car4. htm 8 http//www. morphizm. com/observations/borah/borah_corner1. html 9 Daniel Sperling Future Drive Electric Vehicles and Sustainable Transportation, pg 100 10 http//auto. howstuffworks. com/hybrid-car8. htm 11 Daniel Sperling Future Drive Electric Vehicles and Sustainable Transportation, pg 2 12 Electric and Hybrid Vehicles Today, O ct. 7, 2004, p0 Article A122947647.